Clackamas County Juvenile Drug Court Enhancement Evaluation (OR) NPC Research Outcome and Cost Evaluation Results

Clackamas County Juvenile Drug Court -Oregon City, OR - Part of the tri-county area near Portland - Implemented in Highly Family Centered -Only take juveniles who have an adult who will sign up for the program with them

What are the main goals of Drug Court? -Reduce recidivism -Reduce substance use -Improve family/community/individual functioning

Enhancements Increased family support resources and enhanced family treatment Strengthened links to sustainable community resources Process, outcome, and cost evaluation

Enhancements Addition of Community Resource Liaison position -Find and create new community resources including community service opportunities -Work to link youth to community resources Family Therapist almost at full-time -Already required family therapy -More home visits -Required parenting class instituted

Relationships/connections with community agencies Community Resource Liaison  Added a Family Representative  Oregon Youth Authority  Developed connections with residential treatment programs  Trained community guides  Strong relationships with local agencies and community leaders

CCJDC Enhancement Evaluation Outcome Results

CCJDC Enhancement Evaluation Choosing a comparison group * Juvenile Department Counselor assistance (filled out one page survey on youth they had not referred)

Drug Court and Comparison Group Drug Court N = 53 Comparison N = 60 Gender 46 males 7 females 48 males 12 females Ethnicity 48 White 2 Hispanic 1 African Am. 1 Other 54 White 3 Hispanic 3 Other Average age at time of first referral Average number of referrals prior to DC entry date Average number of detention episodes in juvenile detention facility Average number of episodes in residential placement Average Risk Score

RECIDIVISM

RECIDIVISM: Average Number of Re-Arrests Over 24 months

Re-Arrest Rate 2 years from drug court entry Graduates 29% All Participants 44% Comparison 82% 2 nd year after drug court entry (1 year post-program) Graduates 14% All Participants 29% Comparison 50%

Mean Number of Re-Referrals and Arrests in 3-Month Increments (non-cumulative)

SUBSTANCE USE

Substance Use: Percent of Positive UAs in 2 Month Increments

Mean Number of Drug Related Re-Arrests in 3-Month Blocks

PROGRAM COST RESULTS

Program Transactions Transaction Transaction Unit Cost Avg. # of Program Transactions Avg. Cost per Participant DC Appearances$ $11,047 Case Management$ Days$10,626 Individual Treatment Sessions $ $438 Group Treatment Sessions $ $619 Family Therapy Sessions $ $182 Parent Support Group $ $252 Parent Education Classes $ $42 Drug Tests (UAs)$ $426 Drug Patches$ $24 Total Drug Court $23,656 [1][1] Average costs per participant for this column have been rounded to the nearest whole dollar amount. [2][2] Case management is calculated by number of days in drug court, so the average number of transactions in this case is the average number of days spent in the drug court program.

Agency Average Agency Cost per Participant Circuit Court $1,413 District Attorney $1,234 Defense Attorney $600 Juvenile Department $12,974 Clackamas County Mental Health $6,299 Oregon Youth Authority $855 C-TEC Youth Services $281 Total$23,656 Program Investment by Agency

Placement OptionsCost Per Day CCJDC Program$66.26 Residential Treatment$ Shelter Care$ Short-term Detention$187 Long-term Detention$ Adult Jail$96.77 Program/Placement Costs per Day

OUTCOME COST RESULTS

Transaction Unit Cost All Drug Court Participants Comparison Group Re-arrests/Referrals$200.72$171$406 Formal Hearings$89.80$40$61 Hearings$44.90 $34 $53 Felony Cases$390.00$12$148 Misdemeanor Cases$280.00$59$92 Probation Violation Cases$150.00$48$68 Residential Tx Days$134.19$4,046$7,592 Foster Care Days$29.78$448$390 Shelter Care Days$115.57$7$529 Juvenile Probation Days$1.70$256$363 Sub-Total ---- $5,121$9,702 Jail Bookings$20.59$13$4 Jail Bed Days$96.77$102$19 Detention Days$183.65$2,577$1,827 Youth Correctional Facility Days $171.00$5,340$2,562 Total $13,153$14,114 [1][1] Formal hearings do not include the cost of the contracted defense attorney. Those costs are accounted for in the case transactions. [2][2] Preliminary/Review/Probation Violation hearings do not include the cost of the contracted defense attorney. Those costs are accounted for in the case transactions. [3][3] Felony case costs only include the cost of the contracted defense attorney. [4][4] Misdemeanor case costs only include the cost of the contracted defense attorney. [5][5] Probation Violation case costs only include the cost of the contracted defense attorney.

Cost Difference (Savings) (Savings over 2 years) All Drug Court minus Comparison = $961 (Overall savings) Graduates minus Comparison = $10,958 (Grad savings) Terminated minus Comparison = - $6,037 (loss)

Detention Costs Averaged per Youth

Program Response Community Liaison: (Paradigm Shift)  Arranges for (reserves) community service slots each week and brings to team at client progress meetings  Increased the variety of community service options Youth can choose a service that is meaningful to them Youth that don’t do well together can be sent to different service options  Attends end of court session to sign kids up

CONCLUSION Results provide evidence that the CCJDC Program:  Reduced recidivism  Reduced drug use  Resulted in savings in outcome costs

FAMILY FUNCTIONING

Family Functioning Family Communication (1 = strongly disagree, 4 = strongly agree) “We tell each other about things that bother us” 2.73 “We take the time to listen to each other” 2.74 “We are free to say what we think in our family” 2.97 *Scores increased from time 1 to time 2

Family Functioning Problem Solving (1 = strongly disagree, 4 = strongly agree) “We spend too much time arguing about what our problems are” 2.28 “When problems come up, we try different ways of solving them” 2.81 *Scores increased from time 1 to time 2 (Significantly)

Family Functioning Family Rules and Expectations (1 = strongly disagree, 4 = strongly agree) *Scores increased from time 1 to time 2 “When you do something wrong in our family, you don’t know what to expect” 2.20 “It’s hard to tell what the rules are in our family” 2.09 “The rules in our family don’t make sense” 2.05

Family Functioning Family Treatment Sessions Graduates = 6.2 Sessions Terminated = 3.9 Sessions

COST RESULTS

 Cost to taxpayer approach (Public Funds)  Costs and Benefits (opportunity resources)  Transactional Cost Analysis Research Strategies

TICA Methods Step 1: Determine the flow/process Step 2: Identify the transactions Step 3: Identify the agencies involved Step 4: Determine the resources used Step 5: Identify costs associated Step 6: Calculate cost results

TICA Methods Step 1: Determine the flow/process DC program and “business-as-usual”  Interviews  Observation  Document review

TICA Methods Step 2: Identify the transactions Examine the process description from Step 1 Examples of transactions:  Drug court hearings  Treatment sessions  Drug Tests  Re-arrests  Jail Time

TICA Methods Step 3: Identify the agencies involved Interviews and Observations

TICA Methods Step 4: Determine the resources used Interviews, Observations, Admin Data, Files Do this for each transaction – example court hearings  Time spent in court  Time spent preparing  How many court hearings for each participant

TICA Methods Step 5: Identify costs associated Interviews and Budget Reviews  Direct Costs  Support Costs (% of direct costs)  Institutional Overhead Costs (% direct costs)

TICA Methods Step 6: Calculate cost results  Investment Cost  Net Investment  Outcome Costs  Net Outcome Costs  Total Difference (Savings – or not)