Section 3: The Enlightenment Spreads

A World of Ideas Intellectual Life in Paris –Paris becomes center of the Enlightenment during the 1700s –City is home to salons – gatherings where thinkers discuss ideas

Other Female Salons ► Wealthy Jewish women created nine of the fourteen salons in Berlin. ► In Warsaw, Princess Zofia Czartoryska gathered around her the reform leaders of Poland-Lithuania. ► Middle-class women in London used their salons to raise money to publish women’s writings.

A Parisian Salon

Madame Geoffrin’s Salon

The Salonnieres Madame Geoffrin ( ) Mademoiselle Julie de Lespinasse (1732*-1776) Madame Suzanne Necker ( )

Diderot’s Encyclopedia French philosophe Denis Diderot begins publishing Encyclopedia in 1751 –Set of books to which Enlightenment thinkers contribute essays Encyclopedia articles anger French government, Catholic Church Encyclopedia helps spread Enlightenment ideas across Europe

Diderot’s Encyclopedia It was intended to question everything: that almost anything could be understood through reason Subject matter covered politics, religion, arts, science Its articles attacked religious intolerance, political corruption and inequality

Diderot’s Encyclopedia Reactions to it: –Government and Church saw it as a threat –Government had it censored and halted production –The Pope pronounced excommunication on those who read or bought it

Diderot’s Encyclopédie

The Encyclopédie ► Complete cycle of knowledge…………...… change the general way of thinking. ► 28 volumes. ► Alphabetical, cross-referenced, illustrated. ► First published in ► 1500 livres a set.

Pages from Diderot’s Encyclopedie

Subscriptions to Diderot’s Encyclopedie

Reading During the Enlightenment ► Literacy:  80% for men; 60% for women. ► Books were expensive (one day’s wages). ► Many readers for each book (20 : 1)  novels, plays & other literature.  journals, memoirs, “private lives.”  philosophy, history, theology.  newspapers, political pamphlets.

An Increase in Reading

“Must Read” Books of the Time

New Artistic Styles Neoclassical Style Emerges –Pre-Enlightenment style is baroque – grand ornate design –Enlightenment style is neoclassical, based on Greek/Roman themes

Baroque Music Representative Composers –Antonio Vivaldi –Johann Sebastian Bach –George Friedrich Handel

Antonio Vivaldi ( ) Representative Works –Most famous work Le quattro stagioni (The Four Seasons) written in –46 operas –76 sonatas –Chamber music –Sacred music

Johann Sebastian Bach ( ) Representative Works –cantatas –chorales –organ works –lute music –chamber music –canons and fugues Famous piece: “Jesu Joy of Man’s Desiring”

George Frederick Handel ( ) Representative Works –42 operas –29 oratorios –120 cantatas, trios, duets –numerous arias –chamber music Most famous work: Messiah oratorio traditionally performed during the Christmas season, including “Hallelujah Chorus”.

Changes in Music and Literature Classical music emerges; lighter, more elegant than earlier style –Led by composers such as Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven Novel emerges; works of fiction with detailed plots and characters Samuel Richard’s Pamela is considered first true English novel –Focused on family life and everyday problems of love, marriage, and morality

Classical Music Representative Composers –Joseph Haydn –Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart –Ludwig van Beethoven

Joseph Haydn ( ) Known as “Father of the Symphony” and “Father of the String Quartet” Representative Works –104 Symphonies –numerous concertos for various instruments –15 operas –other music

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart ( ) Representative works –23 operas –numerous symphonies “Toy Symphony” –concertos “Flute concerto no. 2 in D Major, K 314” –piano music –chamber music –sacred music masses

Ludwig van Beethoven Representative Works –Symphonies (5 th and 9 th probably the most famous) –Piano music “Fur Elise” –Vocal music Operas Choral music

Enlightenment and Monarchy Enlightened despots –Monarchs that embrace Enlightenment values to strengthen their rule

Frederick the Great –Frederick II, king of Prussia, reforms education and the justice system –Grants religious freedom, abolishes torture, fails to end serfdom

Joseph II Joseph II of Austria allows freedoms of worship and the press Abolishes serfdom, but the practice is reinstated after his death

Catherine the Great Enlightened ruler of Russia Seeks to abolish capital punishment and torture, but effort fails Responds to peasant revolt by giving nobles more power over serfs

Catherine Expands Russia In foreign affairs, Catherine successfully expands Russian empire Gains port access for Russia by seizing northern coast of Black Sea Seizes large parts of Poland, increasing Russia’s size