PAKISTAN CLEAN AIR PROGRAM (PCAP) PAKISTAN CLEAN AIR PROGRAM (PCAP)

Sources of Air Pollution in Pakistan Vehicles Brick Kilns Natural Dust Stone Crushers Industry Transboundary Pollution Domestic Burning Bio-mass Burning Garbage Burning

Pakistan’s Energy Supplies Total: 40.4 toe/y (825,000 toe/d) Nuclear Coal Indigenous Oil LPG Gas Hydro Imported Oil 37.3% 0.2% 13.0% 5.1% 37.1% 6.8% 0.4% Fossil Fuels 87%

QUALITY OF FUEL OIL Pakistan Other Countries of Region Sulphur in Diesel oil0.5% % Sulphur in Furnace oil3%0.5-1%

million RISE SINCE 1980 > 600 % PRESENT ANNUAL AVERAGE GROWTH: 12% Source: Economic Survey of Pakistan National Transport Research Centre Growth of Vehicles (Millions) VEHICLE POPULATION

Growth of Vehicles ( ) Type of vehicleNos (000) % increase Motorcycles % Motor cars % Jeeps % Rickshaws % Delivery vans % Buses % Trucks % Source: Economic Survey of Pakistan

Inefficient Burning of Fuel

Adding Particulate Matters to Ambient Air

Pollution Caused by Steel Furnaces

Level of Suspended Particulate Matters Major Cities  g/m3 Microgram per Cubic Meter Multan1030 Faisalabad 870 Lahore 895 Karachi 230 Rawalpindi 709 Islamabad 520 Peshawar 834 Source: EPD/SUPARCO/NWFP EPA/PAK-EPA Studies carried out in WHO Guidelines: 120  g/m3 Japanese Standards: 200  g/m3

A Typical PM10 Distribution Baghbanpura, Gujranwala Year 2003

AIR EMISSION TRENDS AIR EMISSION TRENDS ALL SOURCES Source:Country Report on Male Declaration 2000

Effects of Air Pollution Haze (fades out colors, affecting tourism and public health) High suspended particulate matters facilitate formation of fog Less Blue Sky Days Respiratory Diseases (Cough and irritation of throat are very common) Increased deaths due to Heart Attack Less agricultural yield Suspended particulate matters facilitate spreading of airborne bacteria and viruses Deposition of dust on surface

A uniform haze degrades visibility evenly across the horizon and from the ground to a height well above the highest features of the landscape. Uniform haze often travels long distances and covers large geographic areas, in which case it is called a regional haze.

In a layered haze, you can see the top edge of the pollution layer. This is often the case when pollution is trapped near the ground beneath a temperature inversion.

Plume haze result from local sources. Plumes and plume-like layers of elevated pollution take their shape under certain meteorological condition where the air is stable or constrained.

How to Reduce SPM and Haze ? Five types of fine particles contribute to SPM and haze formation: Sulphates, Nitrates, Organic Carbon, Elemental Carbon, and Crustal Material (loose dust). We must reduce emissions across broad areas of the country

COSTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGE Cost to Pakistan Economy In six Environmental Areas US $ 1.8 billion Annual Damage in US$ Municipal Solid & Liquid Waste883 million Urban Air Pollution369 million Soil in Cropland Degradation357 million Rangeland Degradation125 million Deforestation 28 million Destruction of Mangrove Forests 15.7 million Total million Source: Dr. Brandon-World Bank /Mathew Addison 1997

NEED FOR A NATIONAL PROGRAM Federal and Provincial Governments have taken a number of steps to control air pollution but given the magnitude of the problem, a systematic and coordinated approach is needed through a national program to improve air quality

PAKISTAN CLEAN AIR PROGRAM P CAP

Pakistan Clean Air Program P CAP Phasing out 2-stroke and diesel public service vehicles in urban centers Establishment of Continuous Air Monitoring stations Raising Awareness Fuel Improvement and balanced fuel mix Vehicle Inspection System Promotion of CNG and Alternate Fuels Fuel efficiency in road transport and domestic appliances Fuel Adulteration Management Industrial Zoning Traffic Management Waste Management Mass Transit Adoption of EURO standards at manufacturing stage Promotion of pollution control technology (including catalytic converters, exhaust recirculation devices, Particulate Matter arresters ) Industrial Emission Monitoring Paving alongside major roads Plantation to stabilize loose dust

PLAN FOR PHASING OUT POLLUTING PUBLIC SERVICE VEHICLES Conti………… Sr,No.CityPopulationBanning 2- Stroke Rickshaws By End Banning 2- Stroke Vans Plying for Fare By End Banning Entry of Public Service Diesel Buses and vans in City By End Set of 1 st Largest Cities 1.Karachi Lahore Faisalabad Rawalpindi Multan

PLAN FOR PHASING OUT POLLUTING PUBLIC SERVICE VEHICLE S Conti………… Sr,No.CityPopulationBanning 2- Stroke Rickshaws By End Banning 2- Stroke Vans Plying for Fare By End Banning Entry of Public Service Diesel Buses and vans in City By End Set of 2 nd Largest Cities 6.Hyderabad Gujranwala Peshawar Quetta Islamabad

PLAN FOR PHASING OUT POLLUTING PUBLIC SERVICE VEHICLES Conti………… Sr,No.CityPopulationBanning 2- Stroke Rickshaws By End Banning 2- Stroke Vans Plying for Fare By End Banning Entry of Public Service Diesel Buses and vans in City By End Set of 3rd Largest Cities 11.Sargodha Sialkot Bahawalpur Sukkur Jhang

Sr,No.CityPopulationBanning 2-Stroke Rickshaws By End Banning 2- Stroke Vans Plying for Fare By End Banning Entry of Public Service Diesel Buses and vans in City By End Set of 4 th Largest Cities 16.Sheikhupura Larkana Gujrat Mardan Rahim Yar Khan Sahiwal Okara PLAN FOR PHASING OUT POLLUTING PUBLIC SERVICE VEHICLES Conti…………

IslamabadRawalpindito nearby small cities Gujranwala LahoreSialkok Sargodha to nearby small cities Sahiwal Okara Faisalabad Sheikhupurato nearby small cities MultanBahawalpur Rahim Yar Khanto nearby small cities Jahang KarachiHyderabadSukharto nearby small cities PeshawarMardan to other small cities Quettato nearby small cities Expected Shifting of 2-stroke, diesel and old vehicles

Fitness inspection shall be made compulsory for all private vehicles. Production of 2-stroke vehicles of any sort shall be banned within five years. To facilitate implementation of PCAP, special incentives including soft loans and credit line shall be provided PAKISTAN CLEAN AIR PORGRAMME

Ministry of Environment will coordinate with concerned Federal and Provincial Governments to implement PCAP

Recommendation Pakistan Clean Air Program may be approved for implementation