Head movement 2 Oct. 5, 2010 – Day 16 Introduction to Syntax ANTH 3590/7590 Harry Howard Tulane University

C OURSE MANAGEMENT We need to spend our $150 from the Provost’s Undergraduate Activities Fund. 10/5/12 2 ANTH3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane

R EVIEW 10/5/12 ANTH3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane 3

T-TO-C MOVEMENT AS ADJUNCTION OF T TO TENSE IN C 10/5/12 4 ANTH3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane TP T’T’PRN you VP T will V marry PRN me CP C [TNS] ø PRN me C TP T’T’ PRN you VP T will V marry CP T will C [TNS] ø

A SIMPLIFICATION OF THE ADJUNCTION TO SHOW ITS MORPHOLOGICAL RESULT 10/5/12 5 ANTH3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane PRN me TP T’T’ PRN you VP T will V marry CP C will+ø PRN me C TP T’T’PRN you VP T will V marry CP T will C [TNS] ø

V-TO-T MOVEMENT IN ELIZABETHAN ENGLISH 10/5/12 6 ANTH3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane TP T’T’PRN I VP T Af 1sgPr ADV not VP CP CøCø PPV care P for PRN her Tense must be strong in Elizabethan English and weak in modern English care+

HEAD MOVEMENT Radford §4.5 10/5/12 ANTH3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane 7

MORE ELIZABETHAN ENGLISH 28a) Saw you my master? V-to-T then T-to-C movement (V-to-T-to-C mvt) 10/5/12 8 ANTH3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane TP T’T’PRN you T A f2sPa VP CP CøCø DP my master V saw saw saw+Af 2sPa +

LONG-DISTANCE HEAD MOVEMENT 10/5/12 9 ANTH3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane TP T’T’PRN you T saw+Af 2sPa VP CP C saw+Af 2sPa +ø DP my master V saw DP my master TP T’T’PRN you TøTø VP CP C saw+Af 2sPa +ø V saw What is wrong with this? Well, saw picks up the affix without passing through the node that hosts it.

LIMITATIONS ON HEAD MOVEMENT But Radford ignores this easy answer because he doesn’t draw the tree and instead offers the head- movement constraint (HMC): 31) Head movement is only possible between a head and the head of its complement. The head-strength parameter The strength of a head can vary among languages. One of the things that children learn when they acquire a language is the settings for parameters. 10/5/12 10 ANTH3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane

AUXILIARY RAISING Radford §4.6 10/5/12 ANTH3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane 11

T WO POSITIONS FOR BE AND AUXILIARY HAVE WRT NOT 32a) She may not be suitable. 32b) She is not suitable. 34a) She may not be enjoying syntax. 34b) She is not enjoying syntax. 36a) He may not have done it. 36b) He has not done it. He may not have the time. BritEng: He has not the time. AmEng: He does not have the time. 10/5/12 12 ANTH3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane

AUX-TO-T MOVEMENT OF BE & HAVE 10/5/12 13 ANTH3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane TP T’T’PRN she AuxP ADV not AuxP CP CøCø VPAux is have V enjoying enjoyed QP ø syntax T Af 3sPres is+ have+

EVIDENCE FOR AUX POSITION Scope of modal verbs 38a’) You must not call the police. = It is necessary that you not call the police. You must not call the police, or we will all go to jail. The modal verb has scope over (c-commands) not. 38b’) You need not call the police. = It is not necessary that you call the police. # You need not call the police, or we will all go to jail. Not has scope over the modal verb, but does not c-command it. If need starts out in a lower position, its copy is c- commanded by not : see next slide. 10/5/12 14 ANTH3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane

NOT C-COMMANDS NEED IN AUX 10/5/12 15 ANTH3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane TP T’T’PRN you AuxP T Af 2sPres ADV not AuxP CP CøCø VPAux need need+ V call DetP the police

NEED AS NEGATIVE POLARITY ITEM Auxiliary need is a negative polarity item 2.47a) I don’t think that he need apologize. 2.47b) *He need apologize. Even when not is contracted to it: He needn’t apologize. Need should not c-command n’t, but if need comes from AuxP, its copy is c-commanded by not : see previous slide. 10/5/12 16 ANTH3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane

DOUBLE MODALS Some Southern US English She must can go. She might could do it. She might not could do it. Scots English 40) He must no can do it. 10/5/12 17 ANTH3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane TP T’T’PRN he AuxP T must ADV no AuxP CP CøCø VPAux can V do PRN it

AND FINALLY … MODAL + AUX 10/5/12 18 ANTH3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane TP T’T’PRN he AuxP T must ADV not AuxP CP CøCø VPAux have V done PRN it

LIGHT VERBS Interim conclusion: only be, have & need can raise to T. Why these verbs and not some others? They have little real-world or lexical information of their own and serve mainly to mark grammatical information like tense, aspect, and modality. Thus they are ‘light’ on lexical information. The affix in T is only strong enough to attract such light verbs; it hops down to all other verbs. 10/5/12 19 ANTH3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane

NEXT TIME Q5 Finish §4 10/5/12 20 ANTH3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane