1 Prologue: The Story of Psychology

2 Psychology’s Roots  Prescientific Psychology  Psychological Science is Born  Psychological Science Develops

3 Prologue: The Story of Psychology Contemporary Psychology  Psychology’s Big Debate  Psychology’s Three Main Levels of Analysis  Psychology’s Subfields

4 Prescientific Psychology Socrates ( B.C.) and Plato ( B.C.) Socrates and his student Plato believed the mind was separate from the body, the mind continued to exist after death, and ideas were innate. Socrates Plato

5 Prescientific Psychology Aristotle ( B.C.) Aristotle suggested that the soul is not separable from the body and that knowledge (ideas) grow from experience.

6 Prescientific Psychology Rene Descartes ( ) Descartes, like Plato, believed in soul (mind)-body separation, but wondered how the immaterial mind and physical body communicated. Believed in animal spirits and nerves communicating in the body.

7 Prescientific Psychology Francis Bacon ( ) Bacon is one of the founders of modern science, particularly the experimental method. (empiricism)

8 Prescientific Psychology John Locke ( ) Locke held that the mind was a tabula rasa, or blank sheet, at birth, and experiences wrote on it. biografieonline.it/img/bio/John_Locke.jpg

9 Prescientific Psychology Mind and body are connected Mind and body are distinct Socrates AristotlePlato Descartes What is the relation of mind to the body?

10 Prescientific Psychology Some ideas are inborn The mind is a blank slate SocratesAristotle PlatoLocke How are ideas formed?

11 Psychological Science is Born Structuralism Wundt and Titchener studied the elements (atoms) of the mind by conducting experiments at Leipzig, Germany, in Wundt established first psych laboratory Wundt ( ) Titchner ( )

12 Structuralism Define makeup of conscious experience, breaking it down into objective sensations (light and taste) and subjective feelings (emotional responses, will, mental images) –Believe that mind functions by creatively combining the elements of experience –Introspection (self-reflection)

13 Psychological Science is Born Functionalism Influenced by Darwin, William James established the school of functionalism, which opposed structuralism. Functions of our thoughts and feelings. James ( ) Mary Calkins

14 Functionalism Emphasizes the uses or functions of the MIND rather than the elements of experience Deals with overt behavior as well as consciousness Activity: Gum Chewing

15 Functionalism William James ( ): Wrote first modern psychology textbook, The Principles of Psychology

16 Psychological Science is Born The Unconscious Mind Sigmund Freud and his followers emphasized the importance of the unconscious mind and its effects on human behavior. (SEX & UNCONSCIOUS) Freud ( )

17 Psychological Science Develops Behaviorism Watson (1913) and later Skinner emphasized the study of overt behavior as the subject matter of scientific psychology. Watson ( ) Skinner ( )

18 Behaviorism John Watson ( ): Founder of behaviorism Psychology must limit itself to observable, measurable events-to behavior

19 Behaviorism Examples: Pressing a lever, turning left or right, eating and mating, heart rate, dilation of the pupils

20 Psychological Science Develops Humanistic Psychology Maslow and Rogers emphasized current environmental influences on our growth potential and our need for love and acceptance. Maslow ( ) Rogers ( )

21 Psychology Today We define psychology today as the scientific study of behavior (what we do) and mental processes (inner thoughts and feelings).

22 Psychological Associations & Societies The American Psychological Association(APA) is the largest organization of psychology with 160,000 members world-wide, followed by the British Psychological Society with 34,000 members.

23 Psychology’s Big Debate Nature versus Nurture Darwin stated that nature selects those that best enable the organism to survive and reproduce in a particular environment. Darwin ( )

24 Psychology’s Three Main Levels of Analysis

Andrea Yates Video 25

26 Andrea Yates Low self-esteem (psychological) Mood disorder-depressed (biological-brain chemistry) Husband didn’t help with kids (socio- cultural) Equals-Biopsychosocial Approach

27 Psychology’s Perspectives The Big Seven

28 Neuroscience Perspective (Pinky finger) Focus on how the physical body and brain creates our emotions, memories and sensory experiences. Study hormones, genes, and activity of the central nervous system, especially the brain

29 Evolutionary Perspective (Extra finger) Focuses on Darwinism. We behave the way we do because we inherited those behaviors. Thus, those behaviors must have helped ensure our ancestors survival. How could this behavior ensured Homer’s ancestors survival?

30 Approaches cont. Evolutionary/Sociobiological –Focus is on how certain behaviors may have helped our ancestors survive. (mother nature practicing selective breeding)

31 Psychodynamic Perspective (thumb) Fathered by Sigmund Freud. Our behavior comes from unconscious drives. Usually stemming from our childhood. What might a psychoanalyst say is the reason someone always needs to be chewing gum?

32 Psychoanalysis Emphasizes the importance of unconscious motives and conflicts as determinants of human behavior

33 Psychoanalysis Sigmund Freud ( ): Believed that unconscious thought, especially sexual and aggressive impulses, were more influential than conscious thought in determining human behavior.

34 Psychoanalysis Thought mind was unconscious, consisting of conflicting impulses, urges, and wishes. People motivated to gratify these impulses and urges

35 Psychoanalysis Freud: gained his understanding of people through clinical interviews with patients Gain insight into deep-seated conflicts and find socially acceptable ways of expressing wishes and gratifying needs

36 Behavioral Perspective (Middle finger) Focuses on our OBSERVABLE behaviors. Only cares about the behaviors that impair our living, and attempts to change them. If you bit your fingernails when you were nervous, a behaviorist would not focus on calming you down, but rather focus on how to stop you from biting your nails.

37 BEHAVIORISTS How people learn Rewards and punishment John B. Watson

38 Cognitive Perspective (pointer finger) Focuses on how we think (or encode information) How do we see the world? How did we learn to act to sad or happy events? Cognitive Therapist attempt to change the way you think. Meet girl Get Rejected by girl Did you learn to be depressed Or get back on the horse

39 Approaches cont. GESTALT –consider behavior in context rather than in isolation (age, race, gender, money, time, family, etc.) Perceptions more than the sum of its parts Wholes that give meaning to parts COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY –not just rewards and punishment –How people perceive, store and interpret information –How thought processes develop over time (10 years old compared to today)

40 Social-Cultural Perspective (palm) Focus on how your culture effects your behavior. Even in the same high school, behaviors can change in accordance to the various subcultures. How thinking and behavior change depending on the setting or situation

41 Humanistic Perspective (ring finger) Focuses on positive growth Attempt to seek self-actualization Therapists use active listening and unconditional positive regard. Mr. Rogers would have made a great Humanistic Therapist!!!

42 Approaches cont. HUMANISTIC PSYCHOLOGY –people try to achieve their maximum potential (self actualization) –Promote health and self-growth ECLECTIC –Combination of approaches

43 Psychology’s Current Perspectives PerspectiveFocusSample Questions NeuroscienceHow the body and brain enables emotions? How are messages transmitted in the body? How is blood chemistry linked with moods and motives? EvolutionaryHow the natural selection of traits the promotes the perpetuation of one’s genes? How does evolution influence behavior tendencies? Behavior geneticsHow much our genes and our environments influence our individual differences? To what extent are psychological traits such as intelligence, personality, sexual orientation, and vulnerability to depression attributable to our genes? To our environment?

44 Psychology’s Current Perspectives PerspectiveFocusSample Questions PsychodynamicHow behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts? How can someone’s personality traits and disorders be explained in terms of sexual and aggressive drives or as disguised effects of unfulfilled wishes and childhood traumas? BehavioralHow we learn observable responses? How do we learn to fear particular objects or situations? What is the most effective way to alter our behavior, say to lose weight or quit smoking?

45 Psychology’s Current Perspectives PerspectiveFocusSample Questions CognitiveHow we encode, process, store and retrieve information? How do we use information in remembering? Reasoning? Problem solving? Social-culturalHow behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures? How are we — as Africans, Asians, Australians or North Americans – alike as members of human family? As products of different environmental contexts, how do we differ?

46 Andrea Yates (outrageous celebrity) Low self-esteem (cognitive) Mood disorder-depressed (biological-brain chemistry) Husband didn’t help with kids (socio- cultural) Didn’t have unconditional positive regard (Humanistic) Saw someone do it on tv (Behavioral) Abused as a child (psychodynamic)

Dennis Rodman Biological-high level of estrogen that makes him feel like he needs to wear women’s clothing Evolutionary-his height and athleticism will be passed on to his ancestors Psychodynamic-traumatized as a child when he wasn’t permitted to wear a Halloween costume which he has repressed but now overcompensates for his loss as a child. 47

Behavioral-both his father and grandfather were cross-dressers so he observed and modeled their behavior Cognitive-he seeks out attention and believes that if he does outrageous things people will love and accept him Social-cultural-the media and NBA culture allows and widely accepts outrageous behavior Humanistic-He has fully embraced his feminine side so he wears his clothes freely because he knows he has reached his full potential 48

49 Psychology’s Subfields: Research PsychologistWhat she does Biological Explore the links between brain and mind. Developmental Study changing abilities from womb to tomb. Cognitive Study how we perceive, think, and solve problems. Personality Investigate our persistent traits. Social Explore how we view and affect one another.

50 Psychology’s Subfields: Research Data: APA 1997

51 Psychology’s Subfields: Applied PsychologistWhat she does Clinical Studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders Counseling Helps people cope with academic, vocational, and marital challenges. Educational Studies and helps individuals in school and educational settings Industrial/ Organizational Studies and advises on behavior in the workplace.

52 Psychology’s Subfields: Applied Data: APA 1997

53 A clinical psychologist (Ph.D.) studies, assesses, and treats troubled people with psychotherapy. Psychiatrists on the other hand are medical professionals (M.D.) who use treatments like drugs and psychotherapy to treat psychologically diseased patients. Clinical Psychology vs. Psychiatry

54 Emerging Fields Forensic: expertise within the criminal-justice systemForensic: expertise within the criminal-justice system –Serve as expert witnesses, testify about competence of defendants to stand trial or describe mental disorders and how affect criminal behavior –Counsel officers help with stress, hostage situations, suicide threats

55 Emerging Fields Health:examine the ways in which behavior and mental processes such as attitudes are related to physical healthHealth:examine the ways in which behavior and mental processes such as attitudes are related to physical health –Headaches, cardiovascular disease, cancer –Patient compliance with medical advice –Guide clients to take undertake more healthy behaviors such as exercising, quitting smoking, healthy diet

56  Survey: What you are about to read, including chapter outlines and section heads.  Question: Ask questions. Make notes.  Read: Make sure you read outlines, sections and chapters in entirety.  Review: Margin definitions. Study learning outcomes.  Reflect: On what you learn. Test yourself with quizzes. Close-up Your Study of Psychology Survey, Question, Read, Review and Reflect (SQ3R)

57  Distribute your time.  Listen actively in class.  Overlearn.  Be a smart test-taker. Close-up Additional Study Hints