Ch. 32: I. Postcolonial Crises ( )

A. Latin America 1. Brazil: ― “Brazilian Solution” – 1964 military coup & dictatorship – death squads – ISI policy 2. Chile: – CIA-assisted coup of socialist Salvador Allende (1973) – Augusto Pinochet led military regime ( ) 3. Argentina: – military dictatorship… “Dirty War”

Allende & Pinochet

B. Marxist Revolutions 1.Nicaragua: – U.S.-backed gov’t of Anastasio Somoza – Cuban-backed Sandinistas ruled until 1990 – Iran-Contra Affair 2.El Salvador: – guerilla war fought against military regime – ruled until 1990

Iran-Contra Affair

C. U.S. in L. America 1.Increased U.S. involvement – Grenada (1983) – Panama (1989) 2.“Debt Crisis”: – L. American countries could not repay loans

D. Iranian Revolution : CIA coup to install Shah Reza 2.oil flowed to U.S./W. Europe Revolution: Shah overthrown by Ayatollah Komeini – theocracy established (clerics) – 52 Americans held hostage at U.S Embassy in Tehran 4.Iran-Iraq War (1980): Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein invades Iran Iran

Cozy relationship between U.S. & the Shah for quarter of a century

Ayatollah Khomeini vs. the Shah Mohamed Reza

II. Asian Transformations 1.Japan: most rapid economic growth of 1970s-80s – export-based economy 2.“Asian Tigers”: newly industrialized economies – Hong Kong – Singapore – Taiwan – South Korea

A. Deng Xiaoping 1.After Mao’s death (1975): Deng Xiaoping instituted “Four Modernizations” 2.opens to West while maintaining Communism 3.Tiananmen Square Massacre (1989): – 100,000 students protest for democratic reform – troops crushed protesters

The Unknown Protestor… “Tank Man”

III. End of the Bipolar World III. End of the Bipolar World ( )

A. End of U.S.S.R. USSR: – inefficient planned economy – unpopular Afghan war – massive Arms Race spending U.S.: – popular President: Ronald Reagan – economic expansion

B. Gorbachev and Reform 1.Mikhail Gorbachev took over USSR in 1985: – policy of openness (glasnost) – economic reform (perestroika)

Ronald Reagan “Tear Down this Wall,” Remarks at the Brandenburg Gate West Berlin, Germany June 12, 1987

C. Collapse of the Socialist Bloc 1.fall of Berlin Wall (1989) 2.collapse of Communist gov’ts 3.unification of Germany (1990) 4.collapse of USSR (1991) 5.Split up of countries: Yugoslavia (1991) Czechoslovakia (1992)

Numerous ethnic groups – languages, customs, religions. Only half of 285 million were Russian Difficult to unite into one nation without fear or force Nationalism was stronger than communism – people wanted to rule themselves NATIONALISM AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)

D. Persian Gulf War (1990–1991 ) 1. Iraq invaded Kuwait (1990) for oil fields – Saudi Arabia asked for U.S. help – American forces led a coalition & drove Iraq out – Left Saddam Hussein in power… 2.Gulf War: U.S. emerged as global superpower

IV. Population Growth

A. Demographic Transition 1.population of Europe: doubled from economist Thomas Malthus argued pop. growth would outstrip food supply… – industrial societies experienced a demographic transition to lower fertility rates – Russia, Japan, Germany, Italy: negative growth! – least developed countries: pop. Explosion – China…1.3 billion; India…1.17 billion

Population Growth Rates

New Global Order

B. Global Poverty 1.50% of world lives in poverty… less than $3 a day 2.“core” industrialized regions (U.S., W. Europe, Japan) dominate “periphery” regions 3.In the periphery: rural-urban migrations – creation of slums & shantytowns

Spread of Aids in Africa

C. New Technologies – computers… – planes Transnational Corporations: global production sites & markets – i.e.: Nike