The Winds of Change

Spain

The Rise of Spain In 1556, Charles the V –Holy Roman Emperor –King of Spain –Nephew of Catherine of Aragon Turned over power of Spain to his son, Philip II –Husband of Queen Mary of England, Catherine of Aragon’s daughter

Philip ruled more than Spain What else? –American Colonies –Milan –Naples –Franche-Comte (on French eastern border) –Netherlands –Annexed Portugal in 1580 when king died Portugal had colonies in Africa, India, and the East Indies (Southeast Asia)

“When Spain moves, the whole world trembles.” Spain was by far the wealthiest country Spain now had land all over the world To protect all this land and wealth, Spain had largest and best equipped army in Europe.

To Show the Wealth & Devotion: a palace and a monastery

The Escorial

The Crusade for Catholicism Philip fought the Muslim’s from the Ottoman Empire In 1571, Pope called on Catholic’s to battle the powerful Ottoman Empire The Spanish and the Venetians took their 200 ships and defeated the 300 ships of the Ottomans in The Battle of Lepanto.

Battle of Lepanto

Philip also fought the Protestants Philip tried to expel Protestants from Spain and overthrow Protestant rulers in Europe He despised the Dutch (to be seen later) Also England and Queen Elizabeth, his former wife’s ½ sister. Remember –Mary was daughter of HenryVIII and Catherine of Aragon (a devout Catholic) –Elizabeth was also daughter of Henry but with Anne Boleyn (a devout Protestant)

Queen Mary I – “Bloody Mary”

Philip and Elizabeth Philip hoped that after Mary died in 1558 he could marry Elizabeth and keep England Catholic. Elizabeth, the Virgin Queen, never married and returned England to Protestantism She even had English sea captains raid Spanish ships

Queen Elizabeth I “The Virgin Queen”

The Decline of Spain In 1558 the Spanish Armada LOST to Elizabeth!! England grew strong and Spain weakened.

Spain’s Other Enemy: The Dutch Netherlands

Differences SPAIN Still lived like Middle-ages Feudal System in tact Catholicism only Failing economy NETHERLANDS Post Medieval living Busy Cities Protestantism growing Booming economy

The Dutch Rebel Against Spain Philip II sent his sister to govern with goals of stamping out Protestantism (1/3 of pop) and raising taxes. In 1566, the Dutch rebelled with riots and Philip sent 20,000 troops to destroy Protestantism in the Netherlands From , war b/w Catholic Spain and Protestant Dutch ravaged the Netherlands

Dutch Success By 1600, The United Provinces was the one country accepting all faiths, including Judaism They established a republic Dutch built a trading empire by leading a new economic system; capitalism –Formed Dutch East Indies Co. –System of trade, profit, and investment let to many other countries adopting it –Became known as “Commercial Revolution”

French Politics From mid 16 th to 17 th centuries

A Wimpy Crown Henry II, had lost control of Italy after many wars with Spain In 1559, Henry II, died He had 3 weak sons who each ruled for a time, but really it was their mother, Catherine de Medici

Catherine de Medici

The Bourbons vs. The Guise By mid to late 1500’s, Calvinism had spread rapidly in France. Approximately 1/6 of French were followers of Calvin (Huguenots) Catholics, who had once housed the Pope in France, were furious Two families, one Catholic, one Huguenot, had caused 9 civil wars in just over 25 years.

The Family Crests

Catherine Shows Her Violent Side Catherine sided with the Guise family –Not for Religious reasons –For Political ones For fear she was losing influence over her son, she ordered the assassination of her son’s good friend and royal advisor, Admiral de Coligny, a protestant. This lead to the bloodiest day in the civil wars between the Guise and the Bourbons.

St. Bartholomew’s Day August 24, 1572 Catholics murdered about 12,000 Huguenots

Nationalism Rears its Head in France… Again After the massacre, France was in a state of civil war for the next 15 years. Many French nobles became Huguenots just to further weaken the King Philip II of Spain sent troops to help the Guise family and the French thrown French people still hated Spain for defeating them in the wars over Italy. No Spanish King would choose their ruler!

A Protestant Takes the Thrown Catherine de Medici died in 1589 and member of the Bourbon family became King: Henry IV Henry had a hard time convincing Catholics of his ability In 1593 Henry became Catholic

“Paris is well worth a mass.” The Edict of Nantes (except in Paris) Henry then spent the rest of his reign rebuilding France and restoring peace. However, he was stabbed to death in 1610 by a Protestant who hated his compromise.

Cardinal Richelieu Henry’s 9 yr. old son became king Real power was held by the Cardinal Two Goals: –Increase Power of Bourbon Monarchy –Make France strongest state in Europe

Three Threats to French Power Independence of Huguenot cities –Edict of Nantes allowed for fortified cities Power of French Nobility –Ordered to removed fortified castles –Intendants, from middle-class, collected taxes and handed out justice– nobles not needed. Armies of the Hapsburgs (Spain & HOR) –France Triumphed

The Early Enlightenment Philosophers hated these religious wars and felt the only way to move forward was to find truth by questioning the past. Rabelais– Dispised restrictions on human spirit, “Do as you wish”. Montaigne– Inventor of the essay. Descartes– Credited as first modern philosopher, “I think, therefore I am.”

Religion Divides Germany

The Seeds of War Despite Peace of Augsburg, Catholics and Protestants did not trust one another Lutherans joined Protestant Union Catholics formed Catholic League

Christian Division Protestant FlagsCatholic Flag

Ferdinand II Their King… Ferdinand II was a Hapsburg (nephew to Charles V, and cousin to Philip II) was also HRE Three groups did not like him –Nationalists –Lutherans –Bourbon King of France

The Spark A Czech, Protestant mob rioted because their king was foreign and a Catholic Ferdinand sent an army to put down the revolt Many Protestant princes took the opportunity to challenge the Catholic Emperor

The Thirty Years’ War ( ) Hapsburg Triumphs Hapsburg’s of Spain and HOR sent troops Ferdinand hired missionary soldiers who were paid by plundering German villages 1629– Protestants are greatly weakened Hapsburg Defeats Protestants found new ruler with strong army Protestant army drove out the Hapsburg army Richelieu enters war on side of Protestants!

Results of War German population declined from 20 m to 13.5 m. Many died of hunger from villages being burned and plundered, as well as disease. Many peasants were forced back into serfdom by marauding armies who destroyed their homes. Germany’s economy ruined!!

The Treaty of Westphalia Five Major Terms: France took Alsace– fertile land on Rhine Sweden took two pieces of Germany German princes free from HRE and can go to war and sign treaties Calvinists now equal to Lutherans and Catholics Dutch Republic now independent Long-term consequences: Germany lost all unity Holy Roman Empire no longer held any authority over the 300 states Hapsburg states of Austria & Spain declined France was now strongest state in Europe

Results of the Wind– Revolution!! English Revolution American Revolution French Revolution