Transition to 6-person crew ASE conference, Praha Oct 8, 2009 Andreas Schön, ESA All dates used in this presentation are examples only, they do not necessarily represent the most up to date ISS planning!

What changes ? Onboard resources needs Onboard crew support infrastructure Number of crew transportation and ISS re-supply vehicles needed Onboard operations Ground operations Crew training concept

Onboard resource needs Crew re-supply: - food - water - crew support items - Oxygen / Nitrogen 1 USOS crew / day1 ROS crew / day6-person crew/ months Food + crew supply3.35 kg4.00 kg661.5 kg Water (partially recovered) 4.35 l 783 l Resources for system operations and utilization: - water - High pressure gas for P/L and EVA

Onboard crew support infrastructure Electrical power generation Environmental control and life support system including: - Oxygen generation - Water recovery and recycling Sleeping compartment Hygiene Physical exercise devices

Crew transportation & re-supply vehicles Four Soyuz spacecrafts per year - from exp 22 onwards crew exchange exclusively with Soyuz Mixed fleet of re-supply vehicles (Progress, Shuttle (until 2010), HTV, ATV, new US cargo vehicles) Soyuz, Progress and ATV docking to the ROS: - currently three Russian docking ports available - four Russian docking ports from end of 2009 onwards Station re-boost & DAM capability After shuttle retirement the download capacity will be extremely limited -> change in the ISS maintenance concept

Onboard operations concept change Transfer to segmented operations: - lessons learned from early ISS operations - size and complexity of the station - limit overall time crew will spend in training Every crewmember will be at least “User” for all ISS systems Every crewmember will be trained as “Operator” for emergency response Protect for return to 3-person crew: - critical skill set with each Soyuz crew (SSRMS, CMO, vehicle docking) EVA capabilities - cross-training under discussion Crew H/O may be performed as direct or in-direct H/O

Direct versus in-direct handover Exp 31Exp 33 Exp 32 Exp 31Exp 33 Exp 32 a) Direct Handover b) In-direct Handover leaving and arriving crews overlap on-board for ~ 10 days 3 Soyuz docked to ISS, 9 crewmembers onboard during H/O Full skill set available on ISS Leaving crew will depart from ISS before new crew has arrived For a period of ~ 2 – 3 weeks a three person crew will be onboard ISS During three person period a reduced skill set will be available onboard

Crew training concept Adaptation to segmented ops Change to a new b/u concept to: - reduce overall number of astronauts and cosmonauts in training, since the training facilities and teams can not support a doubling of the number of trainee’s - reduce the time each individual crewmember has to spent in training

“Classical b/u concept” versus SFTL (I) Exp 31 Exp 31 b/u a) Classical b/u concept Continue training for prime crew or collateral duties every prime crewmember has a 1:1 b/u which goes through the training together with the prime every crewmember has to go over the training flow twice; once as a b/u and a second time as a prime (overall training duration: ~ 4.5 years) b/u and prime assignment may be years apart an b/u assignment does not necessarily lead to a prime assignment Exp 31 b/u launches Continue training for later inc or ……

“Classical b/u concept” versus SFTL (II) Exp 31 Exp 33 b) SFTL = Single-flow-to-launch concept Exp 33 launches as accelerated crew in place of exp 31 individual 1:1 b/u’s don’t exist anymore each Soyuz crew is backed up by another Soyuz crew, which is nominally scheduled to launch six months later A crews b/u A crews & B crews b/u B crews every crewmember has to go over the SFTL training flow only once (training duration less than 2.5 years) an assignment to training will nominally lead to launch to ISS Remarks: Both concepts allow the swap-out of individual crewmembers as well as whole crews. The ISS training is currently in transition to SFTL. This process has been nearly finished for the USOS crewmembers, but is still ongoing for the Russian crewmembers. 6 months = one inc

SFTL Training flows Exp 26 assignment Exp 24 launch Exp 26 launch ~ 2 year period 6 months period On-orbit H/O Exp 26 launches in place of exp 24 ~ 2 year periodOn-orbit H/O Exp 26 assignment a) Nominal SFTL flow b) Accelerated launch SFTL flow

Nominal SFTL flow - content Exp 26 assignment Exp 24 launch Exp 26 launch ~ 2 year period 6 months period On-orbit H/O Critical generic task: Soyuz training ISS core systems User & Operator tasks ISS Emergency tasks ORLAN & EMU EVA SSRMS Language (thru intermediate high) Exp 24 inc spec content required for exp 26 (i.e. exp 24 inc spec high value tasks): Exp 24 P/Ls inc spec EVA task HTV & HTV robo US re-supply vehicles (Sp-X, Dragon) ATV subset of launch prep activities Additional generic task: Generic P/L training ISS core systems Specialist tasks Language (thru intermediate high+) Exp 26 inc spec content: Exp 26 P/Ls inc spec EVA task robo 1 st P R I O R I T Y Proficiency & refresher: EVA maintenance run robo proficiency EMER proficiency Soyuz proficiency Visiting vehicles prof. System refresher Exp 26 inc spec tasks: Late P/Ls Late EVAs BDC Launch prep activities: PAO events BDC Mission briefings Baikonur process Generic H/O Functional H/O OJT Normal OBTs: robo prof. EMER drills R&D

Accelerated Launch SFTL flow - content Exp 26 assignment ~ 2 year period On-orbit H/O Critical generic task: Soyuz training ISS core systems User & Operator tasks ISS Emergency tasks ORLAN & EMU EVA SSRMS Language (thru intermediate high) Exp 24 inc spec content required for exp 26 (i.e. exp 24 inc spec high value tasks): Exp 24 P/Ls inc spec EVA task HTV & HTV robo US re-supply vehicles (Sp-X, Dragon) ATV subset of launch prep activities Launch prep activities: PAO events BDC Mission briefings Baikonur process Additional generic task: Generic P/L training ISS core systems Specialist tasks Language (thru intermediate high+) 1 st P R I O R I T Y Generic H/O Functional H/O OJT Normal OBTs: robo prof. EMER drills R&D Remediation OBTs Exp 26 launches in place of exp 24

First 6-Person crew

Expedition sequencing: crew rotation plan