Articles of Confederation Philadelphia Because the Articles of Confederation were weak, delegates from 12/13 states met in Philadelphia in 1787 to revise them. The result of this convention was the creation of a new form of government The new national government was strong; but so were the states!

Preamble goals The Preamble is the introduction and also sets out the goals of the new national government

Article I Section 1 - Section 2 - Section 3 - legislative powers grants all legislative powers to the bicameral bicameral Congress of the United States House of Representatives Sets up the House of Representatives Senate Sets up the Senate

Article I cont’d Section 4 - Congressional elections will be Section 5 - each house can determine its own Section 6 - controlled by the states rules and proceedings Congressional pay

Article I cont’d Section 7 - all bills dealing with revenue shall originate in the Section 8 - gives Congress its’ Section 9 - denies certain powers from Congress expressed powers House of Representatives

Article II Section 1 - Section 2 - Section 3 - Section 4 - grants all executive powers to the President of the United States expressed powers of the US President state of the union Impeachment

Article III Section 1 - Section 2 - Section 3 - grants all judicial powers to a Supreme Court this power extends to everything under the US Constitution Treason

Article Iv Section 1 - Section 2 - Section 3 - Section 4 - Full Faith and Credit; Privileges and Immunities; admission of new states; a republican form of government all states will respect documents from other states citizens rights cross state lines every state is guaranteed process created under the Articles of Confederation

Article V Formal Amendment process 2/3 of both houses of Congress approve the amendment. 3/4 of the states approve it amendment is added

Article VI Section 1 - Section 2 - Section 3 - the new government promises to pay all debts owed to Britain once ratified, the US Constitution will be the supreme law of the land all members of the national government are required to take an oath of office

Article VII RATIFICATION “The ratification of the Conventions of nine states, shall be sufficient for the establishment of this Constitution between the States so ratifying the same”

Slave Trade/Commerce Compromise- 3/5 Compromise- Connecticut Compromise- Importation of slaves will cease 20 years from ratification Slave states can count 3/5 of the slave population. Effects both representation and taxation Saved the convention by taking the main points over the arguments on representation and combining them

Popular Sovereignty The people retain the power Exemplified by “we the people” and suffrage

Limited Government Government is not all powerful Constitutionalism- government must obey the law

Separation of Powers 3 basic powers of government are separated into three distinct branches Articles I, II, III

Checks and Balances All three branches are “restrained” by the other two This principle can lead to some “clashes” between the three branches

Judicial Review Power of the courts to declare law unconstitutional Marbury v. Madison 1803 [national, state and local]

Federalism The idea of sharing power between a central government and the various state/local governments Great Compromise Amendment X

 Delegated Powers: The new government can only utilize powers granted to it by the US Constitution.

 Expressed Powers: Found in Article I; Section 8; Clause 1-17 They are specifically written in the US Constitution

 Implied Powers: These powers are not specifically stated in the US Constitution They are found in Article I; Section 8; Clause 18 known as the Necessary and Proper Clause

 Inherent Powers: These are given to the government because they are the government; These include: Regulate immigration Acquire territory The power of recognition

 Reserved Powers: Powers left to the states The powers not delegated to the “ The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people or to the people ”

 Exclusive powers: These are powers that can only be exercised by the National government by the National government Examples are: Coining money Making war and peace with foreign nations Tariffs

 Concurrent Powers: These are held by both the National government and the state governments taxes borrow money establish courts

 The US President has power given to him as a result of the US Constitution.  Can the US President make a pact with the head of a foreign state without Senate approval?  The answer is:  This is known as an YES! Executive Agreement

 A treaty requires Senate approval!  This is part of Checks and Balances

 This is also known as the  All government officials are subject to the law of the land; never above it!!!!  This includes the executive cabinet Rule of Law

 Federal Grants: Congress can appropriate money to give to the States.  ** Congress can appropriate money to give to the States. This money can fall into one of three types of grants-in-aid.  ** This money can fall into one of three types of grants-in-aid.

 Categorical Grants:  ** These grants are made for specific, well defined purposes:  ** There are strings attached however: School lunches and urban infrastructure Money can only be used for specified purpose State has to try to match amount of grant A state agency has to be created to administer the money Obey the guidelines set forth by the national government

 Block Grants:  ** These grants are made for broadly defined purposes:  ** They have fewer strings attached  ** States have more control on how to spend the money Health care, social services or welfare

 Project Grants: They are made to States, counties, cities and sometimes private agencies.  ** They are made to States, counties, cities and sometimes private agencies. Cancer Research is a great example  ** Cancer Research is a great example States can also apply for these to fund job training programs, employment, etc.  ** States can also apply for these to fund job training programs, employment, etc.