Karl Marx & Friedrich Engels returned to Germany in spring 1848 to support the most democratic version of a “bourgeois revolution”

But ethnic divisions complicated the situation

Lajos Kossuth ( ), who led the Hungarian War of Independence in 1848/49

German & Magyar revolutionaries had little sympathy for the aspirations of Croats, Rumanians, Ukrainians, & Slovaks

The Second and Third Partitions of Poland,

“Street Fighting on Rue Soufflot, Paris, June 25, 1848” (3,000 Parisians died in the June Days, vs. 500 in February)

The dissolution of the National Workshops in June 1848 provoked desperation in working-class neighborhoods: Daumier, “The Uprising”

Ernest Meissonier, “The Barricade,” aftermath of the June Days of 1848, when the Second Republic suppressed the democratic clubs

Louis Napoleon ( ) won 75% of the vote in the presidential election of December 1848 and then gained control of the army and police

“Bohemian weavers destroy machines” in 1848

“Raging Assault by the Republicans on the German National Parliament, September 18, 1848” This riot began as a protest against the armistice with Denmark; the crowd demanded a purge of conservative deputies from the National Assembly and lynched two of them before Prussian troops restored order.

The new flag and the Goddess of Liberty parade through Cologne during the short-lived republican uprising of September 1848

The Radical Republicans Friedrich Hecker & Gustav Struve in Baden

Croatian troops pour into Vienna, October 26-29, 1848: 4,000 men died, with casualties heaviest among the students

Carl Staffeck, “The Execution of Robert Blum,” Vienna, November 9, 1848

“The Berlin Citizens’ Militia Opens Fire on Demonstrating Workers,” October 16, (From their dress we can tell that membership in the Citizens’ Militia has been restricted to the bourgeoisie.)

General Wrangel agrees with the Citizens’ Militia on a peaceful occupation of Berlin, 10 November 1848

“A New Method for Granting a Constitution,” satirical cartoon, Berlin, December 1848

Constitution proposed by the Frankfurt Assembly in 1849

Frederick William IV receives a deputation from the German National Assembly, Berlin, April 3, He later wrote a friend that this offered crown bore the “stench of the revolution of 1848, which was the most stupid and frivolous revolution of this century, even if it was by no means, thank God, the most wicked….”

“I carved a pretty crown for your son, but now he doesn’t want it!” (Heinrich von Gagern, Germania, and Frederick William), cartoon from 1849

“The New Peter of Amiens” (1849): The founders of the conservative Kreuz-Zeitung, Otto von Bismarck, Ernst Ludwig von Gerlach, & Friedrich Julius Stahl, depicted as medieval crusaders.

Prussian troops advance against the revolutionary army of Baden (including Engels) near Rastatt, June 22, 1849

President Louis Napoleon, King Frederick William IV, and Emperor Franz Joseph sweep out the revolutionaries (1849)

The revised Prussian constitution of January 1850

Trial of the eleven Cologne Communists in 1852