Nationalist Revolutions in Europe

Philosophical Conflict Conservatives  wealthy property owners & nobilityConservatives  wealthy property owners & nobility –Wanted traditional monarchies Liberals  middle-class businessmen & merchantsLiberals  middle-class businessmen & merchants –Wanted to give more power to elected parliaments, but with voting restrictions Radicals  favored drastic change & democracyRadicals  favored drastic change & democracy –Liberty, equality, & brotherhood

Nationalism Emerges NationalismNationalism = the idea that people’s loyalty should be to their nation = the idea that people’s loyalty should be to their nation Nation-statesNation-states = nations with own independent government = nations with own independent government –Supported by middle-class liberals

Nationalists Challenge Conservative Power Greek independenceGreek independence Nationalist uprisings in Belgium against Dutch controlNationalist uprisings in Belgium against Dutch control Polish uprising against Russian rulePolish uprising against Russian rule Italian states opposed ruled by AustriaItalian states opposed ruled by Austria Revolutions of 1848 broke out across EuropeRevolutions of 1848 broke out across Europe –Revolutionaries failed to stay united –Conservatives regained power & returned to conservative governments prior to 1848

Results of Nationalism Positive Results Overcame differences for common goodOvercame differences for common good Overthrow of colonial ruleOverthrow of colonial rule DemocracyDemocracy Spurred scientific & technological advancementsSpurred scientific & technological advancements Negative Results Forced assimilation of minority cultures to majority Ethnic cleansing Extremism Warfare

Radicals Change France 1830, King Charles X forced to flee1830, King Charles X forced to flee The Third RepublicThe Third Republic –Political factions within the republic led to violence In 1848, Louis-Napoleon (nephew) won presidential electionIn 1848, Louis-Napoleon (nephew) won presidential election In 1852, Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte took title of Emperor Napoleon IIIIn 1852, Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte took title of Emperor Napoleon III –Reforms & public works

Reform in Russia Feudalism prevented Russian empire from economic advancementFeudalism prevented Russian empire from economic advancement Russia defeated by Ottoman Empire in Crimean WarRussia defeated by Ottoman Empire in Crimean War Alexander II modernized RussiaAlexander II modernized Russia –Freed the serfs in 1861 (Edict of Emancipation) –Assassinated Alexander III tightened control but continued industrial expansionAlexander III tightened control but continued industrial expansion

Nationalism & Nation-States Did nationalism create unity or disunity?Did nationalism create unity or disunity? Authoritarian rulers used nationalism to their advantageAuthoritarian rulers used nationalism to their advantage Revolutions!Revolutions!

Nationalism in Austria Aging Austrian Empire of the Hapsburg dynastyAging Austrian Empire of the Hapsburg dynasty –Slovenes, Hungarians, Germans, Czechs, Slovaks, Crats, Poles, Serbs, & Italians Prussia defeated Austria in 1866Prussia defeated Austria in 1866 Emperor Francis Joseph of Austria split empire in halfEmperor Francis Joseph of Austria split empire in half –Austria-Hungary or Austro-Hungarian Empire –Did not split into separate nation-states until WWI

Nationalism in Russia Czars had ruled for 370 yearsCzars had ruled for 370 years Ukrainians, Poles, Lithuanians, Latvians, Estonians, Finns, Jews, Romanians, Georgians, Armenians, Turks, etc.Ukrainians, Poles, Lithuanians, Latvians, Estonians, Finns, Jews, Romanians, Georgians, Armenians, Turks, etc. Romanov dynasty determined to maintain controlRomanov dynasty determined to maintain control –Policy of Russification –Strengthened nationalist feelings towards ethnic backgrounds, disunified Russia –Due to WWI & Russian Revolution, the last Romanov czar gave up power in 1917

Nationalism in Italy Italian nationalists looked to for leadership from the kingdom of Piedmont-SardiniaItalian nationalists looked to for leadership from the kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia Sardinia’s king Victor Emmanuel II named Count Camillo di Cavour as his prime ministerSardinia’s king Victor Emmanuel II named Count Camillo di Cavour as his prime minister Cavour used diplomacy & alliances to gain control of northern Italy for SardiniaCavour used diplomacy & alliances to gain control of northern Italy for Sardinia

Nationalism in Italy Cavour’s greatest block to annexing northern Italy was AustriaCavour’s greatest block to annexing northern Italy was Austria Cavour, with French help, began war against AustriansCavour, with French help, began war against Austrians Cavour successful in taking northern ItalyCavour successful in taking northern Italy

Nationalism in Italy Italian nationalists in southern Italy, the Red Shirts, were led by Giuseppe Garibaldi (who always wore red shirt)Italian nationalists in southern Italy, the Red Shirts, were led by Giuseppe Garibaldi (who always wore red shirt) Cavour secretly helped these nationalistsCavour secretly helped these nationalists Garibaldi agreed to unite southern areas with Piedmont-Sardinia and let the Sardinian king rule.Garibaldi agreed to unite southern areas with Piedmont-Sardinia and let the Sardinian king rule. Italian forces took over Papal States, which Italy gave control over RomeItalian forces took over Papal States, which Italy gave control over Rome –Vatican city still controlled by pope

“Right Leg in the Boot at Last” 1860 British cartoon – king of Sardinia is receiving control of lands taken by nationalist Garibaldi1860 British cartoon – king of Sardinia is receiving control of lands taken by nationalist Garibaldi

Germany Unites 39 German states formed loose grouping of German Confederation39 German states formed loose grouping of German Confederation Prussia led German unification because it’s popul. was mainly German and its army was most powerfulPrussia led German unification because it’s popul. was mainly German and its army was most powerful

German Unification Conservative members of Prussia’s wealthy landowning class, known as Junkers, supported Wilhelm I’s belief that parliament was a challenge to the king’s authority.Conservative members of Prussia’s wealthy landowning class, known as Junkers, supported Wilhelm I’s belief that parliament was a challenge to the king’s authority. Otto von Bismarck, a conservative Junker, was elected prime minister by Wilhelm I and used a tactic known as realpolitik, or “politics of reality” (tough, not based on theories)Otto von Bismarck, a conservative Junker, was elected prime minister by Wilhelm I and used a tactic known as realpolitik, or “politics of reality” (tough, not based on theories)

German Unification Bismarck declared he would rule without parliament’s consent and without a budget because these actions were in violation of constitutionBismarck declared he would rule without parliament’s consent and without a budget because these actions were in violation of constitution Instead, he believed that issues are resolved not by speeches but by “blood and iron”.Instead, he believed that issues are resolved not by speeches but by “blood and iron”. Prussia’s victory in the Seven Week’s War unified the eastern and western parts of the Prussian kingdom for the first time.Prussia’s victory in the Seven Week’s War unified the eastern and western parts of the Prussian kingdom for the first time.

German Unification The majority of southern Germans were Catholics, and resisted domination by a Protestant Prussia.The majority of southern Germans were Catholics, and resisted domination by a Protestant Prussia. Bismarck won support of southerners by going to war with FranceBismarck won support of southerners by going to war with France After victory in the Franco-Prussian War, Wilhelm I was crowned kaiser, or emperor, of the new empire known as the Second Reich After victory in the Franco-Prussian War, Wilhelm I was crowned kaiser, or emperor, of the new empire known as the Second Reich –Holy Roman Empire was the “First Reich”

Shift in Power Congress of Vienna established five great powers of equal strengthCongress of Vienna established five great powers of equal strength However….However…. –European balance of power breaks down

Nationalism Unites Italy Italy formed from territory of crumbling European empiresItaly formed from territory of crumbling European empires Count Camillo di Cavour named prime minister of SardiniaCount Camillo di Cavour named prime minister of Sardinia –Successfully gained control of northern Italy Italian nationalist Giuseppe Garibaldi captured SicilyItalian nationalist Giuseppe Garibaldi captured Sicily –“Red Shirts” –United southern Italy – put under Sardinian rule

“Right Leg in the Boot at Last” 1860 British cartoon – king of Sardinia is receiving control of lands taken by nationalist Garibaldi1860 British cartoon – king of Sardinia is receiving control of lands taken by nationalist Garibaldi

Nationalism Unites Germany Germany had achieved national unity in mid- 1800s as German ConfederationGermany had achieved national unity in mid- 1800s as German Confederation –Still dominated by Austrian Empire Prussia ready to unify GermanyPrussia ready to unify Germany –Otto von Bismarck, a conservative Junker, chosen as prime minister by Wilhelm I –Realpolitik = “politics of reality” (touch power politics with no room for idealism) –Victory in Seven Weeks’ War and Franco-Prussian War King Wilhelm I of Prussia crowned kaiser (emperor) of Germany’s Second ReichKing Wilhelm I of Prussia crowned kaiser (emperor) of Germany’s Second Reich

Shift in Power Congress of Vienna established five great powers of equal strengthCongress of Vienna established five great powers of equal strength However….However…. –European balance of power breaks down

Question Break 7) What did the Austrian Empire become known as? 8) State the significance of the following individuals Camillo di Cavour Giuseppe Garibaldi Otto von Bismarck 9) What did Prussian King Wilhelm I become known as?