POLITICAL PARTIES Chapter 12 O’Connor and Sabato American Government: Continuity and Change

POLITICAL PARTIES In this chapter we will cover… What is a Political Party? The Evolution of American Party Democracy The Roles of American Parties One-Partyism and Third-Partyism The Basic Structure of American Political Parties The Party in Government The Party-In-The-Electorate

What is a Political Party? A political party is a group of voters, activists, candidates, and office holders who identify with a party label and seek to elect individuals to public office.

The Evolution of American Party Democracy Hamilton and Jefferson, as heads of the Federalist and Anti-Federalist groups respectively, are often considered 'fathers' of the modern party system. By 1800, this country had a party system with two major parties that has remained relatively stable ever since.

Democrats and Republicans: The Golden Age From the presidential elections of 1860 to the present, the same two major parties have contested elections in the United States: Democrats and Republicans. Reconstruction -- Republican dominance Republican party formed 1854 by anti-slavery activists 1876-1896 -- closely competitive 1896-1929 -- Republican dominance 1930s and 1940s -- Democratic dominance 1950s and 1960s -- closely competitive 1970-present -- neither party dominant

The Roles of American Parties The two party system has been used to resolve political and social conflicts. Mobilizing Support and Gathering Power A Force for Stability Unity, Linkage, Accountability The Electioneering Function Party as a Voting and Issue Cue Policy Formulation and Promotion

One-Partyism A significant trend of recent times is the demise of one-partyism (one party dominance of elections in a given region). The formerly "Solid South" is no longer only Democratic. There are no Republican or Democratic states at this time. Many individuals split their vote between the parties, and sometimes vote for third parties.

Minor Parties: Third-Partyism Minor parties are not a threat to the two major parties. Only eight third parties have won any electoral votes in a presidential contest. The third parties that have had some success are: 1996 and 1992: Ross Perot’s Reform Party 1968: George Wallace’s American Independent Party 1924: Robert LaFollette’s Progressive Party 1912: Teddy Roosevelt’s Bull Moose Party 1856: Millard Fillmore's American Party

The Golden Age 1874-1912 Party stability- rare Big city and big party organization-political “machines” Chicago Party was viewed as government-party provided social services directly=patronage and allegiance Intense devotion=high voter turnout 76% or better in elections form 1876-1900

Modern Era 1930s-social services began to be provided by national gov. not parties Direct primaries meant power of party diminished Loose ties between candidate and party Post WWII- issue oriented politics Individual candidate became focus Interest groups rather than party stepped into void More ticket splitting-voters vote for candidate as much as the party

Realignment A shifting of party coalition groupings in the electorate that remains in place for several elections Jefferson formed Dem-Rep party Whig dissolved, Republican emerged won pres. 1860 Great Depression-many voters realigned to Dem

Crashing the Party Winning isn’t everything, it is the only thing Two party domination b/c need 50% +1 and you win Third parties do best when there is declining trust in two parties

The Basic Structure of American Political Parties

Party organization National Committees estab. National governing bodies Dems 1848(DNC) , Rep (RNC)1856 Congress estab party committees to help candidates DNC & RNC have national chairpersons Republican National Committee chair Dem Regulation of party is up to STATES 100,00 precincts primary dates

Show Me the $$$$$$ Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act (BCRA) McCain Feingold Act Attempted to limit $ spent on campaigns, but opened a tax loophole=527 527s can raise unlimited funds used to influence voters through ads-can’t ask for votes some 527s have been fined for being too political and breaking rules Soft $ virtually unregulated banned by BCRA but Supreme Court had muddied the waters-527s filled the void -Citizens United v FEC-unions and corporations can spend unlimited $ on issue ads, not express advocacy Hard Money-can only be used for direct electioneering-regulated by FEC Federal Elections Commission

http://www.opensecrets.org/parties/index.php

The Party-In-The-Electorate The party-in-the-electorate is the mass of potential voters who identify with specific party. American voters often identify with a specific party, but rarely formally belong to it. Party identification is often a voter's central political reference symbol. Party identification generally come from one's parents. However party id can be affected by a number of factors such as education, peers, charismatic personalities, cataclysmic events, and intense social issues.

Loyalty Trends - Republican Chambers of Commerce tend to vote Republican The West tends to be more Republican Men tend to split fairly evenly between the two parties Cuban Americans are generally Republicans (anti-Castro) Professionals, executives, and white collar workers tend to be Republican High status Protestants tend to be Republican Married couples tend to be Republican Conservatives tend to be Republican

Loyalty Trends - Democratic Labor union members tend to vote Democratic Democrats have a lead in garnering the women's votes Over 80% of African Americans Hispanics vote 3 to 1 Democratic Young people are again more Democratic Most blue collar workers and unemployed are Democrats Catholics and Jews are mostly Democrats The widowed are mostly Democrats

Declining Party Loyalty? Dealignment-general decline in partisan id The number of independents in the U.S. rose from 19% in 1958 to 37% twenty years later. Identification with the two major parties today is in the mid 80% range. Pollsters often find that many self declared independents often 'lean' quite strongly to either the Democrat or Republican party. “Leaners” do feel party affiliations, but choose not to self-identify with a party.

http://www.mysterypollster.com/main/2006/04/rasmussen_and_p.html http://www.electionstudies.org/nesguide/toptable/tab2a_1.htm

2008 http://www.mysterypollster.com/main/2006/04/rasmussen_and_p.html

Websites Major Parties Democratic National Committee www.democrats.org Republican National Committee www.rnc.org Third Parties Third Party Central www.3pc.net/index.html Libertarian Party www.lp.org Reform Party. www.reformparty.org