C HAPTER 9 Children and Parents 1 McGraw-Hill © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved Prepared by Cathie Robertson, Grossmont College

D ATE WITH THE FAMILY JzBJrOkU&feature=related 2 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., © 2008 All Rights Reserved

3 W HAT A RE P ARENTS S UPPOSED TO D O FOR C HILDREN ? Love, nurturing, & care to develop sense of trust Assistance toward autonomy Guidance, discipline, & support Source of primary socialization

P ARENTING Roseanne related Learning from what parents do.

5 S OCIALIZATION AS S UPPORT AND C ONTROL Types of Parenting (Baumrind) Authoritative  high levels of emotional support and consistent moderate control Permissive  some support with low or no control Authoritarian  low emotional support and coercive attempts to control

6 S OCIALIZATION AND E THNICITY Baumrind’s study more likely to apply to middle class whites Primary task of socialization is to familiarize child with his/her culture Teaching of norms and values Norms: Widely accepted rules Values: Goals or principles held in high esteem by society

A FRICAN A MERICAN P ARENTS & C HILDREN The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., © 2008 All Rights Reserved 7

R ACE /E THNICITY AND P ARENTING Cultural Socialization: Racial/Ethnic pride History Heritage 8

9 S OCIALIZATION AND S OCIAL C LASS Social class and parental values Middle class less supervised at work Focus on autonomy, independence, and self-direction Working class and lower class highly supervised at work Focus on obedience and conformity

S OCIALIZATION AND G ENDER Two-way process Parents and children influence each other Children through behavior Parents through decisions 10

11 1. Material and physical support How much is enough? 2. Emotional support What does this mean? 3. Control Supervise and monitor children’s behavior In what ways? 11/7 W HAT ’ S I MPORTANT ?

W HAT ’ S I MPORTANT ? Androgynous behavior: Characteristics of both genders What should boys learn? What should girls learn? How to encourage androgynous behavior? 12

13 When fathers are involved, children: Were more responsible Had fewer behavior problems Got along better with others W HAT D IFFERENCES D O F ATHERS M AKE ?

14 F ATHERS R ELATE TO Y OUNG C HILDREN D IFFERENTLY THAN M OTHERS D O Fathers play – “rough and tumble” Helps with regulation of emotion Children have more self-control Children have more friends

15 F ATHERS ’ I NFLUENCE IS O FTEN I NDIRECT Works through mothers Emotional support for mothers Support for mothers’ authority The better the quality of parents’ relationship, the better the child fares Child’s behavior School achievement Father provides (additional) income

T HE I NCREDIBLE S HRINKING A MERICAN F AMILY 16 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., © 2008 All Rights Reserved

F IGURE 9.1 A VERAGE WEEKLY HOURS OF CHILDCARE OF MOTHERS AND FATHERS 17 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., © 2008 All Rights Reserved

P UBLIC F UNDING FOR F ORMAL C HILD C ARE 18 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., © 2008 All Rights Reserved U.S. public funding for formal child care (below age of three) far behind most of developed world Chart: Public spending on formal child care in 14 developed nations

P UBLIC F UNDING FOR F ORMAL C HILD C ARE 19 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., © 2008 All Rights Reserved

20 W HAT M IGHT P REVENT P ARENTS FROM D OING W HAT T HEY ARE S UPPOSED TO D O ? Poverty Economic changes Changes in family organization

21 U NEMPLOYMENT AND P OVERTY Lower income Inadequate prenatal care (Quality) Less prenatal care (Quantity) Fewer clothes Less food Poor housing Anything else?

22 U NEMPLOYMENT Affect parents’ behavior toward each other and children Fathers under economic pressure: More irritable and hostile to wives and children Children more sullen, depressed, and aggressive

23 Similar feelings found in unemployed and their children Depressed, anxious parent(s) Little emotional support for children Threats of harsh punishment Inconsistent Actual harsh punishment Punitive discipline P OVERTY

24 D IVORCE AND R EMARRIAGE Most common way for a child to live in single parent family is by divorce First two years, children are distressed Mother ends up in lower economic status May be depressed and angry

25 Long term most children do not suffer substantial harm Over the years, most cope adequately Remarriage of custodial parent does not appear to change well-being of children D IVORCE AND R EMARRIAGE ( CONT.)

26 T HE W ELL -B EING OF A MERICAN C HILDREN Has the well-being declined? It depends---- Compared with when? Which children?

POVERTY RATES FOR CHILDREN IN U. S. 27

P ERCENTAGE OF CHILDREN LIVING WITH TWO PARENTS 28

F AMILIES AND P OVERTY 29 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., © 2008 All Rights Reserved

M ARRIAGE AND CHILD POVERTY 30 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., © 2008 All Rights Reserved

C HILDREN AND POVERTY 31 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., © 2008 All Rights Reserved

15- YEAR POVERTY EXPERIENCES OF CHILDREN UNDER THE AGE OF 4 IN The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., © 2008 All Rights Reserved

W HAT CAN WE DO TO STRENGTHEN FAMILIES ? National Government? State Government? Local Communities? Neighborhoods? Family members? Individuals? 33 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., © 2008 All Rights Reserved

34 The true measure of a nation’s standing is how well it attends to its children. Health and safety Material security Education and socialization Sense of being loved and valued Sense of being included in: Their families Society