History & Use of Biological Classification

CLASSIFICATION & TAXONOMY grouping based on similarities Taxonomy: Branch of Biology The science of classifying/grouping and naming of organisms

Aristotle’s Classification Scheme Greek philosopher who developed first classification system Divided all organisms into 2 GROUPS: Non motile (plants) Motile (animals) Plants grouped by: size (small, medium, large) Animals grouped by: where they lived (air, water, land)

Binomial Nomenclature A system for naming organisms by structure created by Linnaeus: Although Linneaus didn’t realize it, by classifying organisms by structure he was also classifying them by evolutionary relationship Written in Latin Includes the organisms : Genus: CAPITALIZED (noun) means beginning Species: lowercase (adj.) Example: Homo (man) sapien (wise/thinking)

Scientific & Common Names Scientific Name: genus and species name Iguana iguana Felis domesticus Common name: Organism is commonly called Not used in the scientific community Green Iguana Domestic Cat

The “New” Evolutionary Classification Categories that represent lines of evolutionary descent Not just physical similarities This new method is called: Evolutionary Classification Scientists classify organisms based on their Evolutionary Beginnings

Cladograms A diagram that shows evolutionary relationships Cladograms are useful tools Help scientists understand how one lineage branched from another in the course of evolution

Traditional Classification vs. Cladogram Evolutionary Decent: Class Physical Similarities Conical Shells Appendages Crustaceans Gastropoda Crab Barnacle Limpet Molten exoskeleton Segmentation Free-swimming larvae TRADITIONAL CLASSIFICATION CLADOGRAM

Kingdoms Second broadest of all taxa Grouped into 3 domains: Bacteria – Eubacteria 2. Archae- Archeabacteria 3. Eukarya: Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia

Characteristics of the 6 Kingdoms 1. Kingdom Eubacteria: a. all microscopic prokaryotes b. almost all are unicellular c. non-motile d. commonly called bacteria 2. Kingdom Archaebacteria: a. prokaryotes b. live in extreme environment

3. Kingdom Protista: a. eukaryotes b. uni and multicellular c. live in moist environments d. most are simple, microscopic & mobile *Examples: paramecium, amoeba, euglena & algae

b. Uni and Multicellular c. Consumers that do not move 4. Kingdom Fungi: a. Eukaryotes b. Uni and Multicellular c. Consumers that do not move d. Decompose dead organisms &/or waste products *Examples: mushrooms, molds, & mildew

5. Kingdom Plantae: a. stationary, multicelluar eukaryotes b. Photosynthetic c. Autotrophs *(make own food) *Examples: plants

6. Kingdom Animalia: a. Multicellular b. Consumers that eat & digest other organisms (heterotrophs) c. May be herbivores, carnivores & omnivores *Examples: Animals

Complete Classification of Humans Domain: (Eukarya) Kingdom: (Animalia) Phylum: (Chordata) Dorsal nerve cord-cartilage Vertebrae Subphylum: (Vertebrata) Class: (Mammalia) 6. Order: (Primates) 7. Family: (Hominid) 8. Genus: (Homo) 9. Species: (sapien)

Quiz 2 1. The branch of biology in which we classify organisms is called Classonomy b. taxonomy c. botany 2. Which is NOT a domain? Eubacteria b. Archaebacteria c. Monera 3. Which is the proper way to write a scientific name? Homo sapien b. homo sapien c. Homo sapien 4. A diagram that shows evolutionary relationships is called a Dichotomous key b. cladogram c. taxonomy 5. To which kingdom would amoebas & paramecium belong? a. Fungi b. Plantae c. Protista