Cells

Staining Cells Staining is a technique used in microscopy to enhance contrast in the microscope image

Mounting.. refers to attaching the samples to a glass microscope slide for observation. for samples of loose cells (e.g.blood or pap smear) the sample can be applied directly to a slide. for larger tissues thinner sections are made

Stains Iodine – more contrast between cell structure. Also goes blue black when starch is present. Methyl blue – stains nuclei blue

Structure You were able to see the following in most cells under the light microscope Cell wall Cell Membrane Cytoplasm Nucleus Vacuole Plastids

Structure The following cell structures are only clearly visible through an electron microscope –Mitochondria –Golgi Apparatus –Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum –Rough Endoplasmic reticulum

Cytoplasm Cytosol –is the liquid part Cytoplasm is the part that contains all the organelle structures

Plant Vacuoles

Plastids – organelles found in the cells of plants. Chloroplasts – found in plants. Contain chlorophyll. Responsible for photosynthesis. Leucoplasts – non-pigmented plastids found predominantly in the roots and non-photosynthetic parts of plants. They become specialised for bulk storage of starch (e.g.banana), protein and lipids. Chromoplasts – for pigment synthesis and storage (e.g. red capsicum). Often found in fruits and flower part of plants.

Cytoplasmic streaming See wiki

Protoctists or Protist See wiki P 83 of text Be able to draw amoeba, euglena and paramecium.

Book work Biological Drawings Kingdoms – 70; Types of cells-71 Determining cell size - 72 Microscopes (overview) Cell structure ( a lot of this is difficult but good exercise to attempt.)

Prokaryotes Bacteria produce enzymes that break down the organic matter into simpler substances that can then be absorbed by the bacteria. Draw and label a generalised bacterial cell. Page 79 How would you identify a bacterium? Cell Size very tiny. See page 79 estimate size. Complete page 72

Cell Specialisation Activity Group the following into something that makes meaning to you? Why did you group them this way?

Cell Specialisation Activity Group the following into something that makes meaning to you? Why did you group them this way?

Cell Specialisation Group them into animal and plant cells? Can you identify any of these cells or what their function is ? What features did you use to categorise them.

Cell Specialisation Identify the following cells –The protista –Identify the following specialised animal cells Sex cells Nerve cells Muscle cells Ciliated columnar epithelial cells Red blood cells White blood cells Fat cells Bone tissue –Identify the following specialised plant cells Cells from a leaf of a plant Stomata Cells that store starch e.g. banana cells Vascular cells (xylem and phloem) Cells with chromatoplasts

Sex Cells

Nerve cells

Muscle cells

Ciliated columnar epithelial cells

Blood Cells

Bone Tissue

Fat Cells

Plant Cells

Leaf Cells

Cells that store starch e.g. banana cells

Vascular cells (xylem and phloem)

Cells with chromoplasts