What to study for the Test? 1.Define Mutation 2.List, Explain, and Identify the 3 gene mutations. 3.List, Explain, and Identify the 4 chromosomal mutations.

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Presentation transcript:

What to study for the Test? 1.Define Mutation 2.List, Explain, and Identify the 3 gene mutations. 3.List, Explain, and Identify the 4 chromosomal mutations 4.Read a karyotype: Is it a boy?, girl?, does the child have Down’s syndrome? 5.Illustrate and explain the process of making recombinant DNA and Transformation. 6. Read a DNA fingerprint. 7. Define Clone.

Classification is a way of seeing relationships

Suppose that you walked into your favorite superstore one day and found that nothing was where it was supposed to be. A can of chicken noodle soup was next to some socks. Your favorite brand of jeans was between that paper towels and the baby clothes, one row down from the dog food. It’s much easier to find what you need when things are grouped together. It works the same way with living organisms.

Taxonomy is the branch of biology that specializes in classifying organisms into a series of groups called Taxa (singular is Taxon).

The most common classification system used today has 7 taxa: 1.Kingdom - Largest classification taxon, and has more organisms in it than taxa under it. 2.Phylum 3.Class 4.Order 5.Family 6.Genus 7.Species

Species is a group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring. Make babies that can make other babies.

p.446 A group of similar species forms a genus and a genus is a larger group than species. The next larger group is a family a taxon made of similar genera.

p.446 Similar families would form a taxon called an order and similar order would form a class If organisms are in the same family then they are also in the same order, class, phylum, and kingdom all of the taxa above family.

Example: A bobcat, a house cat, and a lion are all in the family Felidae, so they are also in the same: order, class, phylum, and kingdom.

Example: A dog and an ape are both in the same class mammalian. What other taxa must they have in common? Kingdom and Phylum

3- Rules for Naming Organisms 1.Organisms are named using their genus name followed by their species name. 2.Genus name is always capitalized and the species name is always lower case. 3.Both the genus and species are italicized or underlined The name system is called Binomial nomenclature

Callinectes sapidus

Sometimes organisms can be even further divided into subspecies or varieties. When three scientific names are given to specify a subspecies or a variety, the naming system is called trinomial nomenclature

The first two names still give the genus and the species, but the third name gives a subspecies or variety. Example: Acer rubrum var. drummondii (Drummond’s Red Maple) Acer: Genus name for all maple trees rubrum: is the species name and means red drummondii: gives a variety of the red maple that grows in the plains

Scientific names can also tell you about relationships. Two organisms that have the same word for the first part of the scientific name are in the same genus and are very closely related. Example: The scientific name for a red maple tree is Acer rubrum. Would it be more closely related to the tree named Quercus rubrum or to the tree named Acer saccharum? (Circle the correct answer)

Acer saccharum

DNA classification By using DNA samples, scientists can now determine the relationships between organisms by similarity in DNA. Remember DNA fingerprinting Sometimes it is surprising to learn that two organisms that seem to be very different have similar DNA.

Most people wouldn’t think that a raccoon and a bear have a lot in common, but they have some structural similarities and live in similar habitats. Scientists collected DNA samples from raccoons and red pandas and then separated them into fragments using restriction enzymes. After running the samples through gel electrophoresis, they were able to use DNA sequencing to determine that red pandas actually are more closely related to raccoons than they are to giant pandas.

What to study for the Test? 1.Define Mutation 2.List, Explain, and Identify the 3 gene mutations. 3.List, Explain, and Identify the 4 chromosomal mutations 4.Read a karyotype: Is it a boy?, girl?, does the child have Down’s syndrome? 5.Illustrate and explain the process of making recombinant DNA and Transformtion 6.Read a DNA fingerprint 7.Define Clone.