Ms. Napolitano & Mrs. Haas CP Biology

Plasma (Cell) Membrane Cytoplasm Cytosol Centrosome Centriole Chromosomes Ribosomes Nucleoid Nucleus Nucleolus Nuclear Membrane Nuclear Pores Nucleoplasm Mitochondria Smooth ER Rough ER Vesicles Lysosomes Peroxisomes Golgi Apparatus Cytoskeleton Microtubules Flagella Cilia Centrioles Cell Wall Central Vacuole Chloroplasts

 Cells: the smallest unit of life Collection of living matter enclosed by a barrier  Cytology: The study of cells

 Viewed cork under a microscope.  Named empty chambers “cells” because they looked like monks’ cells.

1. All living things are composed of cells. 2. Cells are the basic units of structure and function. 3. New cells are produced from existing cells

 Prokaryotic cells are simple cells Do not contain a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles  Theorized that eukaryotic cells arose from prokaryotic cells  Organelles found in prokaryotic cells: Cell membrane Cytoplasm/cytosol DNA Ribosomes

 Holds the cell together  Surrounds the cell  Controls what goes in and out  Phospholipid bilayer

Cytoplasm  Material in the cell membrane Does not include the nucleus Cytosol  Liquid found inside cells Separated into compartments by membranes

 Threadlike structure within the nucleus  Contains genetic information (DNA)  Humans = 23 chromosome pairs

 Where proteins are made  May be free in the cytosol or bound to the endoplasmic reticulum

 Contains the genetic material of prokaryotes Recall: prokaryotes do not have nuclei

 Structure that contains the cell’s genetic material  Controls cell activity  Only found in eukaryotes

 Small, dense region within nucleus  Where protein production begins

 Nuclear Membrane: layer that surrounds the nucleus Separates & protects the nucleus  Nuclear Pores: channels that regulate the transport of molecules across the membrane  Nucleoplasm: fluid inside of the nucleus

 Converts chemical energy from food into compounds usable by the cell  AKA the “powerhouse” of the cell  Makes ATP

 Rough ER: makes proteins Contains ribosomes Connected to the nucleus  Smooth ER: carb/lipid synthesis, detoxification No ribosomes

 Small “bubble”  Transport materials within the cell

 Lysosome: small organelle filled with enzymes to break down certain materials within the cell  Peroxisome: small organelle that contains catalase breaks down hydrogen peroxide 2 H 2 O 2  2 H 2 O + O 2

 Modify, sort, and package proteins  Vesicles fuse on & pinch off

 Network of protein filaments  Maintains cell shape  Helps with cell movement

 Microtubules: largest Involved in cell division  Intermediate Filaments: provide support hold organelles into place Organize cells into tissues  Microfilaments: smallest Makes striations of skeletal muscle tissue

 Flagella: whip-like appendages used for propulsion  Cilia: short, hair-like projections that aid in movement

 Structures that help organize cell division  Centrosome is made up of two centrioles  Centrioles not found in plant cells Centrosome 2 Centrioles

 Rigid outer layer of the cell that supports the membrane  Found in plants, algae, & some bacteria

 Large cavity in plant cells  Stores food, water, or metabolic waste  Maintains turgor pressure

 Found in photosynthetic organisms  Site of photosynthesis Captures light energy and convert it into chemical energy

 Eukaryotic cells arose from living communities formed by prokaryotic cells  Mitochondria & chloroplasts were once free-living prokaryotic cells Evidence: 1. They both contain their own DNA 2. They both have ribosomes 3. They divide by mitosis