FRIENDSHIP “Friendship is like peeing on yourself: Everyone can see it, but only you get the warm feeling that it brings.”

CANINE ESTROUS CYCLE

QUEEN – ESTROUS CYCLE Onset of puberty: ______________ mths Female cats are_____________________ Cycle controlled by the _______________ and________________________ 12-14 hours of light and 2.5kgs In the absence of ovulation or pregnancy, repeated estrous cycles occur every _________ days

Spontaneous follicular growth - Proestrus, Estrus Estrogen FSH Proestrus GnRH FSH

PROESTRUS in the queen PROESTRUS: The period of____________________, but _____________ to mate Physical signs of proestrus: Owner may notice increased affection ______________ vulvar swelling or vaginal discharge in cats Hormonal signs of proestrus: Characterized by increasing serum __________ concentrations Cytologic signs of proestrus: Epithelial cells become _______________________ Duration of proestrus: _________________ days

ESTRUS in the queen ESTRUS: The period of sexual receptivity and follicle maturation Physical signs of estrus: Queen allows___________________ Extreme affection (head rubbing, vocalization, crouching of the thoracic limbs with rigid extension of the pelvic limbs,_________________, lateral deviation of the tail) Hormonal signs of estrus: Peak serum concentrations of __________________ Cytologic signs of estrus: Maximum vaginal epithelium cornification Duration of estrus: 7-9 days

LORDOSIS

Cats are known to be “induced ovulators” ESTRUS Cats are known to be “induced ovulators” Ovulation of the mature follicle occurs as a result of _____________________ of the vagina and cervix during mating http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l6AzSmkoX_g&feature=fvw

THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM PREGNANCY AND BIRTH

PREGNANCY PREGNANCY DIAGNOSIS: _____________ (~days 21-30) Hormone assay Ultrasonography ________________y (~day 45)

PREGNANCY: RADIOGRAPHS

PREGNANCY:RADIOGRAPHS http://www.dogbreedinfo.com/whelpingphotos.htm

PREGNANCY GESTATION: the period of pregnancy THREE STAGES OF LABOR: DOGS:__________ CATS: ___________ THREE STAGES OF LABOR: 1ST:___________________ contractions 2nd:delivery of the __________________ 3rd:delivery of the _______________________ Typically, newborns and placentas are delivered alternately

PREGNANCY SIGNS OF IMPENDING PARTUITION: Nesting behavior: __________ hours before Inappetance Panting, shivering Drop in rectal temperature ~24-48 hours before partuition (caused by abrupt decrease in progesterone): ______________

PREGNANCY LABOR, STAGE I: intermittent __________________ with no sign of abdominal straining Restlessness, panting, nesting may continue through stage I Cervix __________________

STAGE I http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hd8Bo1qc54A&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ptc6RMBiiPw&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sN0W_ePUsUc&NR=1

PREGNANCY LABOR, STAGE II: _______________ of the newborn Rectal temp begins to rise to normal or slightly above Passing of ________________________ Expulsive uterine contractions accompanied by abdominal contractions 1st fetus usually delivered within ___________________ hours Bitch will break the amniotic membrane, lick the neonate intensely, and sever the umbilical cord http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zvkf0VDUv6c

PREGNANCY LABOR, STAGE II: WARNING SIGNS The bitch should be examined by a vet for the following reasons: ______________________ , but no pup is born within 2-4 hrs Fetal fluid passed more than 2-3 hrs previously, but nothing more has happened If she has had weak, irregular straining for more than _______________ hours If she has had strong, regular _______________ for more than 20-30 minutes, but no pup born More than 2-4 hours have passed since the birth of the last puppy and more remain If she has been in stage II for more than ___________hours

PREGNANCY LABOR, STAGE II Interval between births Usually 5-120 minutes Partuition should never be allowed to last more than ________________ hours

PREGNANCY LABOR, STAGE III: expulsion of the placenta Usually follows within ___________ minutes of each fetus Bitch may eat the placentas, but sometimes can be associated with vomiting and diarrhea _____________ – greenish (red-black) postpartum discharge of fetal fluids and placental remains will be seen for up to 3 weeks or more

PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS

PEOPLE “Everyone has a photographic memory, it’s just that some people don’t have film.”

PREGNANCY DYSTOCIA: __________________ birth or the __________________________ through the birth canal without assistance Causes: Abnormal fetal position or size Uterine _________________ Narrowed birth canal Diagnosis: Digital palpation of vagina Radiographs ultrasound Labor >4 hours without fetus Green vaginal discharge – parturition > 1hour in between births

PREGNANCY: DYSTOCIA TREATMENT: _______________ manipulation: a fetus lodged in the vaginal canal can be manually dislodged. For uterine inertia: ________________ injections result in contraction of the uterine muscles; also, calcium preparations can be given _______________________________

PREGNANCY: INAPPROPRIATE MATERNAL BEHAVIOR DAM SHOULD: Allow nursing Grooming Stimulate __________________, ______________function Stimulates elimination and removal of waste material retrieving Protecting DAM SHOULD NOT: Attack, kill, or cannibalize her young Be overly protective, restless, or aggressive

PREGNANCY: LACTATION DISORDERS Agalactia: _______________ of milk production Causes include; Stress, malnutrition, premature partuition, or infection Galactostasis: milk______________, which can result in mastitis Mastitis: a septic inflammation of the mammary gland Clinical signs: _____________, _______________________, ________________, reluctance to allow nursing, abscessed glands

PREGNANCY: LACTATION DISORDERS Treatment for mastitis: Antibiotics Warm compresses Do not allow ______________ from affected glands

OTHER REPRODUCTIVE DISORDERS: PYOMETRA: Literally “_____________________” High levels of _______________________ cause several changes in the uterus: hyperplasia and hypertrophy of the endometrial glands of the uterus Decreased myometrial contractions Predisoposes the uterus to bacterial infection Most common bacteria isolated is_______________________

PYOMETRA CLINICAL SIGNS: DIAGNOSIS: Vulvar discharge Vomiting Dehydration ____________________________________ Azotemia DIAGNOSIS: Radiology (r/o pregnancy) Ultrasound Bloodwork _____________________ , neutrophilia with a left shift

PYOMETRA This is a potentially life-threatening condition

PYOMETRA

PYOMETRA An open pyometra is when the Cervix is open and allows drainage Of the pus Preferred treatment is _________________________ As well as antibiotics and fluid therapy