Prejudice

Basics What is prejudice? Prej vs. stereotypes vs. discrimination Does it have to be negative? Does it have to be held by high status group? Is it implicit or explicit or both? (IAT?) How can it be measured?

Sneetches (Dr. Seuss)

What causes prejudice? Dual process models Learning perspectives Intergroup perspectives Motivational approaches Cognitive approaches Threat approaches Evolutionary approaches Individual difference approaches Automaticity

Effects on those stigmatized Stereotype threat (Steele, Aronson, others) System justification (Jost, others)

Intergroup relations How is this similar and different from research on prejudice?

Social identity theory (Tajfel & Turner) vs. self-categorization theory What does the theory suggest? Minimal group paradigm (Tajfel, 1970) What are our social identities? What determines what is salient? What do these social identities do for us? How can we deal with a negative social identity? What determines choice? Ingroup positivity vs. outgroup derogation Relative deprivation Brewer’s Optimal Distinctiveness Theory

Threat theories Realistic group conflict theory (Sherif, 1966) Robber’s Cave study Integrated threat theory (Stephan & Stephan, 2000) Realistic threats Symbolic threats Intergroup anxiety Negative stereotypes Intergroup emotions theory (Smith, 1993) Fear, disgust, contempt, anger, jealousy Cuddy, Fiske, & Glick, 2008: status and competition (competence and warmth)

Contact Contact hypothesis (Allport, 1954) Need what? How likely/common are these conditions? When is contact bad? Decategorization vs. recat vs. mutual differentiation vs. nested or cross-cutting identities—what should be our goal? Common in-group identity model (Gaertner & Dovidio, 2000)

JSM Model (Crandall & Eshleman, 2003) What is their view of prejudice? What is “genuine prejudice”? Is it an implicit attitude? What is new in this model? Is this a Freudian theory? What factors lead to GP? Do we know what our real levels of GP are? What is the role/effect of education? Group affiliation? Is there a prejudiced person, or many prejudices? What are the implications of the model for prejudice reduction?

Suppression What is suppression? How can you test for suppression? What are sources of suppression? What makes it harder? How can we make it easier?

Justifications What are they? Examples Status quo Social hierarchy Attributions Covering Beliefs Intergroup processes What is the difference between justification and suppression? Table 1

Integrated Model of Prejudice (Dovidio & Gaertner, 1998) Research by Nail and Harton Liberals vs. conservatives Modern vs. Aversive racism How does this fit in with JSM?

Chan, 2014 What was the purpose of this article? How does this relate to the JSM? What are other ways the media can shape prejudice and identities?

Evolutionary approach (Schaller & Neuberg, 2013) How should people approach evolutionary hypotheses? What is the function of prejudice, according to these authors? Why do we automatically distinguish in and out groups? Do we use the same cues for threat as in our Pleistocene past? What effects does the threat have on us? What does this approach add that’s new?

From Neuberg & Cottrell, 2006 Threat to ingroupCues to threatEmotionmoderators Physical safetyLarge size, male, anger Fear/flight responsesDark, belief in DW Physical healthUnclean, deformedDisgust/avoidance response Contact, PVD, pregnancy, being sick, priming, disgust CompetenceHave more resourcesEnvy; increase own resources Group moralityHurt by ingroupGuilt/justify, help Group functioning due to inability to reciprocate disabledPity/sympathy Avoidance response Benefit ingroupAdmiration/ Approach response Reciprocity relations by choice (social coordination, economic resources) UnfamiliarAnger/fight response Eco stress, PWE

What types of evidence do they provide? Why should the moderators involved have an effect? How does being a minority vs. majority (framing) affect threat responses? Should it be stronger for men or women? Priyanka Joshi thesis

Disease What is the “behavioral immune system”? Tom Dirth thesis Neal Pollack thesis Sample studies Faces Ageism Physical disability Fat Foreigners Gay men Moderators

Overall What does the evolutionary approach add? How do they reconcile this approach with RWA/SDO? What are the implications of this approach for prejudice reduction? So if there were no more disease or crime, would everything be hunky-dorey?