Sources of US-Japanese Conflict Legacies of Racism – Immigration Restrictions “Oriental” Exclusion Law, 1924 Japanese Resentments of Western Colonial Domination of the Pacific Conflict Over Resources, Worsened by the Great Depression Japan’s alliance with the Axis

US-Japan Negotiations, 1941 US insists Japan Break Axis Alliance, Withdraw from China, and promise no more aggression as price for resuming oil sales Japan insisted US resume oil sales and force China to accept Japanese peace terms before it pledged non-aggression Japan bet that Germany would defeat Great Britain and Russia

IMPACT OF PEARL HARBOR Unites Americans Ends Isolationism Now a grave military blow Mobilizes US industry for war—key factor in US victory

WWII AND THE CIVILIAN ECONOMY Ended the depression, incomes of those at bottom improved substantially Higher incomes, less spending power Military priorities created shortages in civilian goods and services – Women expected to compensate with their unpaid labor – Rationing of gasoline, food products – Price controls

WWII AND THE CIVILIAN ECONOMY Labor shortages, esp. in heavy industry High wages, many jobs unionized Removal of millions of men from the civilian economy New opportunities for women and minorities (especially outside of the South) Rising workforce participation by women, esp. married women and mothers

Citizenship Rights and the War Internment of Japanese Americans -- sustained by court decisions, racial basis Regarded as an enemy race

Citizenship Rights and the War African Americans mobilized in Double V campaign – women led membership drives for NAACP, protests of various kinds Veterans important in activism after the war – GI Forum Japanese American Draft Resisters

U.S. “Oriental Exclusion” Law 1931Japanese Invasion of Manchuria 1936Anti-Comintern Pact 1937Japanese Invasion of China 1938U.S. Economic Aid to China; Restrictions on Japan 1940Japan Aligns with Germany and Italy; U.S. Lend Lease Bill to Allies 1941(July) – Japan Occupies Indo-China

US WARTIME STRATEGY Aid Grand Alliance Priority of War in Europe Heavy reliance on Soviets to do the bulk of the fighting until D-Day—20-25 million Russian deaths Use the atomic bomb against Japan to win war quickly, reduce American casualties, and prevent Soviet inroads in Asia