Netherlands, England. Constitutionalism Philosophy that the power of kings was limited “Sovereignty” located elsewhere, usually “the people” Importance.

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Presentation transcript:

Netherlands, England

Constitutionalism Philosophy that the power of kings was limited “Sovereignty” located elsewhere, usually “the people” Importance of Calvinism

Dutch Revolt Importance of Netherlands as a banking and commercial center Conversion to Calvinism 1560s – resistance to promotion of Counter- Reformation 1567 – Duke of Alba

Dutch Revolt 1572 – open revolt led by William of Orange Dutch naval superiority English and French intervention Drain on Spanish economy 1609 – Truce

Postwar Netherlands Independence formalized in 1648 Republican government with House of Orange in a leadership role Commercial empire in Europe, North America, Africa, India, East Indies Weakened by wars with England and France, but remained independent

Tudor England Wars of the Roses ( ) -- Lancasters and Yorks Battle of Bosworth Field (1485) Henry VII ( ) Centralizer Brought commoners into government

“Tudor Absolutism” No more effective noble resistance Growing importance of Parliament, esp. during Reformation Growing sense of nationhood (Reformation, Spanish Armada)

Stuart England James I ( ) Religion –Hampton Court Conference (1604) –Authorized Version Arguments with Parliament

Charles I ( ) Fighting Parliament –Petition of Right (1628) Personal Rule ( ) –Arminians vs. Calvinists –Anglo-Catholics vs. Puritans—Abp. Laud –Sources of Revenue

Crisis Bishops Wars (1637) Short Parliament (1640) Long Parliament ( ) Executions of Charles’ ministers

Civil War ( ) Cavaliers vs. Roundheads Oliver Cromwell Presbyterians and Independents “Root and Branch” Petition; WCF (1644) Independents execute Charles (1/1649)

The Interregnum ( ) Commonwealth –Monarchy, Lords abolished –Wars (Scots, Irish, Dutch) Protectorate –Cromwell as Lord Protector –1658 – Cromwell dies, son Richard succeeds

“The World Turned Upside Down” Interregnum brought social upheaval Religious sects –Baptists –Quakers –Ranters Political radicals –Levellers (Putney Debates) –Diggers

Restoration England 1660 – Gen. Monck seizes power, offers crown to Charles II ( ) Absolutism? –Royal control of army –Re-established Church –Cavalier Parliament –Clarendon Code

Restoration England Crises (wars, etc.) Exclusion Crisis ( ) –James, duke of York –Whigs and Tories James II ( ) and the Glorious Revolution William and Mary