Government E-1275: Dec. 4, 2007 India Rising? 1.What explains India’s foreign policy during the Cold War? 2.What explains India’s “new diplomacy” after.

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Presentation transcript:

Government E-1275: Dec. 4, 2007 India Rising? 1.What explains India’s foreign policy during the Cold War? 2.What explains India’s “new diplomacy” after the Cold War? 3.What are the benefits and costs of the recent U.S.-India nuclear agreement?

India’s Foreign Policy during the Cold War: The Domestic Dimension 1.The Indian National Congress and the Congress Party. –Mahatma Gandhi; Jawaharlal Nehru. –Anti-Western and anti-colonial ideology. –Multi-religious/ethnic democracy. 2. Nehru’s romantic fascination with the Soviet model: –Distrust of U.S.-style free market capitalism. 3. Nehru’s Non-Aligned Movement (NAM): –Autonomy; relations w. both U.S. & S.U. –Solidarity w. developing countries. 4. Hindu civilization: –Unique role in promoting int’l peace & stability.

India’s Foreign Policy during the Cold War: The Strategic Environment 1.Partition of India and Pakistan: –Contested Kashmir: 3 wars ( ; 1965; 1999). –Bengali nationalism, India-Pakistan War (1971). 2.U.S.-Soviet Rivalry: –U.S. economic aid. –India-China war (1962); U.S. & Soviet military assistance. –Treaty of Peace, Friendship, and Cooperation w. S.U. (1971). –U.S. alliance w. Pakistan: SEATO. 3. Nuclear non-proliferation: –India’s nuclear test (1974). –“Nuclear apartheid.”

India’s “New Diplomacy” 1.India’s military power. 2.Collapse of the Soviet Union. 3.Transformation of India’s economic policies. 4.India-U.S. relations: –India’s nuclear test (May 1998): sanctions. –Pakistan’s Kargil incursion, violation of the Line of Control (LOC). –Pres. Clinton’s successful visit (March ’00). –George W. Bush’s fascination w. India. –Bilateral defense framework (June ’05~). –U.S. arms sales.

India’s New Diplomacy (cont.) 5. “Omnidirectional diplomacy” (Mohan): –“preferred diplomatic partner” f. ASEAN, EAS, GCC, SCO…” 6. China: –Security dilemma (Garver). –’93 & ’96 agreements: to reduce border tensions. –Strategic dialogues; joint naval exercises (Dec. ’05). –President Hu Jintao’s visit to New Delhi (Nov. ’06); trade. 7. Iran: –Energy security. –Joint naval exercises. –India’s Muslim minority.

India’s “New Diplomacy (cont.) 8. Kashmir and India-Pakistan conflict: –Insurgency in India-controlled Kashmir Valley (‘89-). –Suicide bombing in India’s parliament (Dec. ‘01): Laskhar-e-Taiba & Jaish-e- Mohammad, with ties to Pakistan’s Inter-Services Intelligence. –Decline of insurgency & peace process: 600,000 troops in Kashmir; 1,000-1,200 insurgents. –July ‘06 commuter train bombings in Mumbai. –Feb. ’07 bombing of the Friendship Express.

Hudson & Den Boer: “Surplus of Men…” Skewed sex ratios  surplus of poor, unemployed, uneducated, unmarried, anti-social, low status, transient, disgruntled “bare branches.”  Resort to vice & violence.  Bandits, rebels, gangs, secret societies, martial brotherhoods.  Crimes, rebellions, protests/strikes.  Internal instability; authoritarianism.  External expansion, aggressive foreign policy.

Benefits & Costs of the U.S.-India Nuclear Agreement The case for India’s exceptionalism: –India’s rising energy needs. –India as a responsible, democratic ally. –Balancing against China. The case against India’s exceptionalism: –Undermining the nuclear non-proliferation regime. –U.S. could have won more concessions (?). –Implications for China, Pakistan.