 Briefly discuss the competing interest groups and their representatives during the reconstruction era  Compare and Contrast the 3 reconstruction programs  What privileges did the African American population need access to in order to fundamentally change their condition of servitude?

 What measures did Radical Republicans take to reverse over two hundred years of institutionalized and constitutionalized discrimination  Discuss the response by many white Americans to these institutional changes  What is the significance of the 1876 election and 1877 Compromise  Compare and contrast conditions of labor, political and social status of African-Americans post Reconstruction.

 Lincoln’s 10% planElection of 1876  Johnson’s Reconstruction program  Congressional Reconstruction  13, 14, 15 th Amendments  Freedmen’s BureauCompromise of 1877  Land Order # 15Wade-Davis Bill  Negro RuleRadical Republicans  Black Codes  Klu Klux Klan  Share Cropping

 The process by which the nation was rebuilt after the destruction caused by the Civil War. This attempted rebuilding was social, political, and economic.  Issues:  A. how to handle seceded states  B. Suffrage  1. ex-confederates  2. Freedmen

 Lincoln announced that when a number of men equal to ten percent of those who had voted in the 1860 presidential election swore an oath of allegiance to the United States,  they could establish a state government,  elect officials,  apply to be restored to their normal relations with the nation..  Presidential pardon to confederates  Lincoln urged blacks to leave the country to emigrate to all black countries such as Haiti

 Response to Lincolns lenient reconstruction plan  Alternative  50% of state population – “Iron Clad Oath” before framing a new constitution  To verify white males had not taken up arms against the government (impossible)  An appointed governor would summon a state constitution convention, with members elected by the oath-takers only.  The new constitution  forced to abolish slavery,  punish Confederate leaders by distributing their property, and repudiate debts collected during the war  Re admittance into union –  Lincoln Pocket veto

 Opposition to Lincoln:  Thaddeus Stevens – House representative  Charles Sumner – Senate  Provide freedmen land by confiscating plantation land and punish confederate land holders for their treason  Give freed people the vote (rather than restoring old elite to power)

 General T. Sherman moved to confiscate confederate plantation lands and provide “40 acres and a mule” to freedmen.  Backed by northern radicals but successfully opposed by southern whites, and Johnson.  Johnson restored lands to planters

 Congress passed the Thirteenth Amendment on January 31, The Amendment abolished slavery and gave Congress the power of enforcement.

Freedmen in Richmond, Virginia in (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved.

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Education Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Congress established The Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands was meant to aid southern refugees. o During its four-year history o supplied food and medical services, o built schools and colleges, o negotiated employment contracts between freedmen and former masters, o and tried to manage confiscated land.

Taking the Oath of Allegiance These white southerners are shown taking the oath of allegiance to the United States in 1865 as part of the process of restoring civil government in the South. The Union soldiers and officers are administering the oath. (Library of Congress) Taking the Oath of Allegiance Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

 April 14 th 1865  Ford’s Theater  Drunk guard  Confederate  John Wilkes Booth  Kidnapping plot  assassination  Plots  Conspiracy theories © 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved. 1 The Gun The Theater Box John Wilkes Booth

 Tennessee Democrat  Presidential Reconstruction: Blanket Amnesty  Governor of North Carolina 4

 4 million former slaves  Excluded from voting and juries  Could not testify against white  Banned interracial marriage  Punished blacks more severely for crimes  Defined unemployed black as a vagrant and hired them out to planters  Forbade blacks to lease lands

 Congress worked to extend the Freedmen’s Bureau and to pass a civil rights law counteracting the black codes.  Civil Rights Bill, 1866  Granted right to own property  Make contracts  Have access to courts as parties and witnesses  Johnson vetoed these bills, ending hopes of compromise between the president and congress.  Congress overrode his veto in 1866  Moderates joined Radicals in Congress

 Congress over rode the presidential veto, 1866  14 th Amendment  Citizenship to freedmen (everyone born here)  Prohibited states from interfering with constitutional rights  Declared the Confederate war debt null and void,  Barred Confederate leaders from holding state and federal office  Punished any state that restricted extension of the right to vote to black men.  Framers did not intend to prevent segregation in schools and public places

Memphis Riots, May 2, 1866, Harper's Weekly In 1866, as Congress reviewed the progress of Reconstruction, news from the South had a considerable impact. Violence against black people, like the riot in Memphis depicted here, helped convince northern legislators that they had to modify President Johnson's policies. (Library of Congress) Memphis Riots, May 2, 1866, Harper's Weekly Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Burning of a Freedmen’s School, Memphis TN, 1866 (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved. 16

King Andrew This Thomas Nast cartoon, published in Harper's Weekly just before the 1866 congressional elections, conveyed Republican antipathy to Andrew Johnson. The president is depicted as an autocratic tyrant. Radical Republican Thaddeus Stevens, upper right, has his head on the block and is about to lose it. The Republic sits in chains. (Harper's Weekly, 1866) King Andrew Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

 Congressional elections of 1866  Radicals: Stevens & Sumner led radicals in Congress, southerners not allowed to vote  Wanted To Transform The south:  Goals:  public education,  suffrage,  ensure rights of black people. Conservative or moderate republicans did not want to go that far. Johnson refused to negotiate. Charles Sumner, Senator

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 Placed 10 unreconstructed states under military commanders  Guaranteed freedmen the right to vote in elections for state constitutional conventions  Barred former confederates Disqualified prominent ex- confederates from office  Required congressional approval of all new state constitutions  Must frame consitutions that ratified 14 th Amendment  Many southerners boycott (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved. 18

 Johnson’s obstruction of reconstruction legislation led to House to votes to impeach Johnson  1868, Senate fails to impeach by 1 vote (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved. Edwin Stanton, Secretary of War 19 Ticket to impeachment proceedings

 Ulysses S. Grant  Republican nominee  Opposed Johnson’s Reconstruction policies  Supported congressional reconstruction & black rights (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved. Ulysses S. Grant ( ) 22

 Election 1872 – Grant  Wall Street panic  Five-year depression  Blame Reconstruction  Mississippi Plan (1875)  All whites should become Democrats  Intimidate Black voters (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved. 27 “Of course he wants to vote the Democratic ticket” Cartoon showing how the Mississippi Plan worked.

 In 1869/70, Radicals succeeded in passing the Fifteenth Amendment  prohibited denying the right to vote based on “race, color, or previous condition of servitude.”  Voting rights of women could still be denied.

Election Campaign in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, c A Republican Party brass band in action during the 1868 election campaign in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. The Union regimental colors and soldier caps demonstrate the strong federal presence in the South at this pivotal moment in Radical Reconstruction. (Andrew D. Lytle Collection, Louisiana and Lower Mississippi Valley Collections, LSU Libraries, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana) Election Campaign in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, c Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

His First Vote by Thomas Waterman Wood, 1865 Thomas Waterman Wood, who had painted portraits of society figures in Nashville before the war, sensed the importance of Congress's decision in 1867 to enfranchise the freedmen. This oil painting, one of a series on suffrage, emphasizes the significance of the ballot for the black voter. (Cheekwood Museum of Art, Nashville, Tennessee) His First Vote by Thomas Waterman Wood, 1865 Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

The First Vote A newly freed slave casts his first vote. (Library of Congress) The First Vote Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

 Republican Party  80% of Republican voters in South were Black  :  14 Black Representatives  2 Black Senators  "Negro rule“ myth  Blacks held 15-20% of elected offices in Reconstruction (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved. 26 Distinguished Colored Men This lithograph from 1883 depicts prominent African American men, several of whom had leading roles in Black Reconstruction. (Library of Congress)

Domestic workers with tools Domestic workers with the tools of their trades--bridle, pot, broom, duster, wheelbarrow, and wagon--pose in front of their employer's home. (Atlanta History Center ) Domestic workers with tools Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Black sharecropping family in front of their cabin Sharecropping gave African Americans more control over their labor than did labor contracts. But sharecropping also contributed to the south's dependence on one-crop agriculture and helped to perpetuate widespread rural poverty. Notice that the child standing on the right is holding her kitten, probably to be certain it is included in this family photograph. (Library of Congress) Black sharecropping family in front of their cabin Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Rise of the Sharecropping System

Store owner's record book of debts of sharecroppers Sharecropping became an oppressive system in the postwar south. At plantation stores like this one, photographed in Mississippi in 1868, merchants recorded in their ledger books debts that few sharecroppers were able to repay. (Smithsonian Institution, Division of Community Life) Store owner's record book of debts of sharecroppers Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

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Alabama's White League, formed in 1874, strove to oust Republicans from office by intimidating black voters. To political cartoonist Thomas Nast, such vigilante tactics suggested an alliance between the White League and the outlawed Ku Klux Klan. (Harper's Weekly, October 24, 1874) The White League Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Ku Klux Klan meeting in Mississippi In this picture, the artist has portrayed a group of bizarrely dressed Klansmen contemplating the murder of a white Republican. (Library of Congress)

Mississippi Klansman, 1871 Members of the Ku Klux Klan devised ghoulish costumes to heighten the terror inspired by their acts. This photograph shows the costume of a Mississippi Klansman from (Courtesy of Mr. Herbert Peck, Jr.) Mississippi Klansman, 1871 Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Pig iron, Birmingham, Harper's Weekly, March 26, 1877 One notable success in Reconstruction efforts to stimulate industry was Birmingham, Alabama. Here workers cast molten iron into blocks called pigs. (Birmingham Public Library) Industrial Slavery remerged through Vagrancy Laws Pig iron, Birmingham, Harper's Weekly, March 26, 1877 Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Hayes as a Benevolent Farmer, May 12, 1880 This cartoon by J. A. Wales Puck reveals the North's readiness to give up on a strong Reconstruction policy. According to the image, only federal bayonets could support the "rule or ruin" carpetbag regimes that oppressed the south. What do the background and foreground of the cartoon suggest will be the results of President Hayes's "Let ‘Em Alone Policy"? (Library of Congress) Hayes as a Benevolent Farmer, May 12, 1880 Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Reconstruction cartoon This 1868 cartoon by Thomas Nast pictured the combination of forces that threatened the success of Reconstruction: southern opposition and the greed, partisanship, and racism of northern interests. (Library of Congress) Reconstruction cartoon Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

 Corruption and government reform were key campaign issues  Samuel J. Tilden  Rutherford B. Hayes  “bulldozing” (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved. Rutherford B. Hayes 29

(c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved. Hayes-Tilden Disputed Election of

 The disputed election between Rutherford B. Hayes and Samuel Tilden resulted in the Compromise of 1877, effectively ending Reconstruction in the South.  Through Coercion and terrorism and fraud and irregularities in counting votes democrat’s wrestled control of government

Exodusters Benjamin "Pap" Singleton, a one-time fugitive slave from Tennessee, returned there to promote the "exodus" movement of the late 1870s. Forming a real estate company, Singleton traveled the south recruiting parties of freedmen who were disillusioned with the outcome of Reconstruction. These emigrants, awaiting a Mississippi River boat, looked forward to political equality, freedom from violence, and homesteads in Kansas. (Library of Congress)Exodusters Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Red Cloud's Delegations, 1868 Red Cloud (seated, second from left), with other Oglala Sioux, visited President Grant at the White House to argue for his people's right to trade at Fort Laramie, Wyoming. His clothing, unlike the traditional Native American dress of the other chiefs, reflected his desire to negotiate with whites on equal terms. ( National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.) Red Cloud's Delegations, 1868 Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.