Models of Psychopathology Unidimensional Models –One Cause of a Disorder Multidimensional Models –Multiple, Linear Causes –Diathesis-Stress Model Reciprocal Models –Reciprocal Gene-Environmental Model

Contributing Factors Biological Factors –Genetics –Other organic factors Psychological Factors –Cognition –Behavior –Emotion

Contributing Factors (2) Social Factors –Interpersonal –Familial –Siocioeconomic Cultural Factors –Norms –Beliefs Developmental Factors

Biological Factors Neuronal Structure and Function Brain Structure and Function Nervous System Structure –Fight or Flight Reaction

Neurons Structure of Neurons –Soma –Dendrites –Axon –Axon terminals –Synapses Electrochemical Communication –Action Potential –Neurotransmitters

Neurotransmission

How Neurotransmitters Work

Neurons

Function of Neurotransmitters (and Medication) Agonists, Antagonists, Inverse Agonists Serotonin (Many, SSRIs) –Widespread, esp. in cortex Behavior, mood, thought GABA (Benzodiazepines) –Anxiety and stress reduction –Muscle relaxation –Reduced arousal and emotion (increased passivity)

Function of Neurotransmitters (and Medication) (2) Norepinephrine (Autonomic Functions) –aka noradrenaline –Indirect effects Dopamine –Overlap with Serotonin Circuits –Motor behavior Exploratory, Pleasure-Seeking –Schizophrenia (too much) –Parkinson’s Disease (too little)

Brain Structure Three Main Divisions –Hindbrain –Midbrain –Forebrain

Divisions of the Brain Hindbrain –Medulla – Heart rate, blood pressure, respiration –Pons – Regulates sleep stages –Cerebellum – Involved in physical coordination Midbrain –Coordinates movement with sensory input –Contains parts of the reticular activating system (RAS) Forebrain (Cerebral Cortex) –Location of most sensory, emotional, and cognitive processing –Two hemispheres joined by the corpus callosum

Brain Structures

Lobes of Cerebral Cortex Lobes of Cerebral Cortex Frontal –Thinking and reasoning abilities, memory Parietal –Touch recognition Occipital –Integrates visual input Temporal –Recognition of sights and sounds and long-term memory storage

Cerebral Cortex Lobes

Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex

Peripheral Nervous System Somatic Branch of PNS –Controls voluntary muscles and movement Autonomic Branch of the PNS –Sympathetic –Parasympathetic

Autonomic Nervous System

The Endocrine System Hormones The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenalcortical Axis (HYPAC axis) –Integration of endocrine and nervous system function

Implications of Neuroscience for Psychopathology Connection Between Neurological Processes and Abnormal Behavior –Obsessive Compulsive Disorder –Depression –Anxiety –Schizophrenia –Others… –All Disorders?

Implications (cont.) Causal Connection? –Experience Can Change Brain Structure and Function –Medications and Psychotherapy Can Change Brain Structure and Function –“Filling Fallacy” Cavities caused by lack of metal in tooth Headache caused by lack of aspirin –Beware of the typical assumption

Beyond Biological Factors Cultural Factors –Influence the form and expression of normal and abnormal behavior –Culture-bound Syndromes Amok, Koro, Witiko, Hikikomori, Latah Anorexia Nervosa Gender Effects –Exerts a strong and puzzling effect on psychopathology

Beyond Biological Factors (2) Social Relationships –Frequency and quality related to mortality, disease, and psychopathology –Interpersonal Psychotherapy Psychopathology Is Culturally, Socially, and Interpersonally Situated

Beyond Biological Factors (3) Life-Span Developmental Perspective –Addresses developmental changes –Such changes influence and constrain what is normal and abnormal

The Comprehensive Model Genobiochemiconeuropsychocogno- behavioroemotionofamiliosocio- environmentopoliticoeconomico- culturodevelopmental Model