Kingdom Animalia Mrs. Geist Biology, Fall Swansboro High School

NC SCOS 4.01: Analyze the classification of organisms according to their evolutionary relationships: ▫The historical development and changing nature of classification systems. ▫Similarities and differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms. ▫Similarities and differences among the eukaryotic kingdoms: Protists, Fungi, Plants, and animals. ▫Classify organisms.

NC SCOS 4.02: Analyze the processes by which organisms representative of the following groups accomplish essential life functions including: ▫unicellular protists, annelid worms, insects, amphibians, mammals, non-vascular plants, gymnosperms, and angiosperms ▫transport, excretion, respiration, regulation, nutrition, synthesis, reproduction, and growth and development.

Comparisons of 6 kingdoms EukaryoticLacks Cell Walls MulticellularHeterotrophic Archaea Bacteria Protists Fungi Plants Animals

Comparisons of 6 kingdoms EukaryoticLacks Cell Walls MulticellularHeterotrophic ArchaeaNono BacteriaNonosome ProtistsAllsome FungiAllfewmostall PlantsAllnoneallfew AnimalsAllall

What is an animal? Four key characteristics: ▫Eukaryotic ▫Lack cell walls ▫Multicellular ▫Heterotrophs that ingest food.

Invertebrates vs. Vertebrates Invertebrates: animals without backbones ▫95% of animals ▫Most live in aquatic or moist terrestrial habitats ▫i.e. sea stars, jellyfish, snails, clams, insects, and worms Vertebrates: animals with backbones ▫Mainly terrestrial, but also live in marine and freshwater habitats ▫i.e. fishes, frogs, snakes, dogs, humans

Animal Life Cycle Adult male and female animals produce haploid gametes by meiosis Fertilization: an egg and a sperm fuse to form a diploid zygote Zygote undergoes mitosis Zygote  embryo  fetus

Animal Life Cycle (continued) Many animals then develop directly into adults Others (i.e. sea star) go through 1+ larval stages ▫Larva: immature form of an animal that looks different from the adult forms and usually eats different food ▫Larva undergoes metamorphosis to become an adult

Invertebrate Animals Focusing on select Phyla.

Important Terminology Closed Circulatory System: blood remains contained within vessels Open Circulatory System: blood vessels open into chambers where the organs are bathed directly in blood

Phylum Annelids Round body Segmented worms Closed circulatory system

Phylum Arthropoda (Arthropods) Segmented bodies Jointed appendages Exoskeleton- hard external skeleton made of protein and chitin ▫As it grows, it sheds its exoskeleton and secretes a new one (molting) Open circulatory system i.e. insects, crustaceans, spiders

Vertebrate Animals—Phylum Chordata * Focusing on select classes

Fishes—3 classes: Class Agnatha- jawless fishes ▫i.e. hagfish, lamprey ▫Cartilage skeleton ▫No paired fins ▫No scales Class Chondricthyes- sharks, skates, and rays Class Osteichthyes- bony fishes ▫Swim bladder- control depth, 2 nd respiratory organ

General Characteristics of Fishes Aquatic Sexual reproduction 2-chambered heart Gills Ectotherm: cold-blooded External fertilization

Class Amphibia Metamorphosis: tadpole  frog ▫Larval stage (tadpoles) lives in water, while adult stage lives on land Respiration: Gills as larva, lungs & moist skin in adults Sexual reproduction 3-chambered heart i.e. frogs, salamander, caecilians (legless & blind)

Class Reptilia amniotic egg (waterproof egg with a shell), internal fertilization, and water-tight skin Most lay eggs, though some give birth to live young Ectotherms: main source of body heat is external environment Scaly skin i.e. turtles, lizards, snakes, crocodiles, alligators

Class Aves  Birds Hollow bones Feathers Endotherms: warm-blooded Gizzards: muscular organ that grinds seeds and other foods 4-chambered heart Sexual reproduction Evolved from Theropod dinosaur

Class Mammalia Endotherms Mammary glands: produce milk in female mammals Hair or fur Lungs Sexual reproduction 4-chambered heart i.e. deer, wolves, elephants, giraffes, tigers, dogs, cats, humans