10/10/20151 Small-Scale Biodiesel Production John Nowatzki Extension Ag Machine Systems Specialist North Dakota State University

210/10/2015 Dennis P. Wiesenborn, Professor, Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering Department Acknowledgements

310/10/2015 Biodiesel Biodiesel Today What is Biodiesel? Oil Extraction and Preparation Processing Quality Factors Questions/Comments

410/10/2015 US Biodiesel Production 864 million gallons projected for 2007

510/10/2015 US Biodiesel Plants 864 million gallons per year. Organization of producers, blenders & marketers

610/10/2015 US Biodiesel Plants Organization of producers, blenders & marketers 1.7 billion gallons per year

710/10/2015 Bio-fuel Information SwitchgrassCornWoodGrain StrawSoybeansSunflowersCanola Yield/Acre5 Tons115 bu 1 10 Tons2 Tons32 bu 1 (1920 lb/ac) 1360 lb/ac lb/ac 1 Ethanol80 gal/ton 400 gal/ac 2.7 gal/bu 310 gal/ac 80 gal/ton gal/ac 75 gal/ton gal/ac Biodiesel1.48 gal/bu 47.3 gal/ac 6 gal/cwt 82 gal/ac 5.9 gal/cwt 81 gal/ac Processing Cost/gallon $ (USDA estimate by 2012) $1.10 (Current USDA Estimate) $ (USDA estimate by 2012) $ (USDA estimate by 2012) $.50 (Current USDA Estimate) $.50 (Current USDA Estimate) $.50 (Current USDA Estimate) year average ND yields, ND Agricultural Statistics Service. 2. National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Bioethanol Multi-Year Technical Plan, Preliminary Draft (Golden, CO, July 1999). 3. Iogen Corporation, Ottowa, CA

810/10/2015 What is Biodiesel? Processed engine fuel made from vegetable oils, waste cooking oil and animal fats B100 – Pure Biodiesel ASTM D6751 Standard

910/10/2015 Remove Extraneous Material  Screening  Pass Over Magnet Seed Preparation

1010/10/2015 Expeller Pressing or Solvent Extraction Heat Seeds Crush Seeds Oil Extraction  Crude Oil  Cake  15% Oil Oil Extraction

1110/10/2015 Degumming (May not be Necessary)  Remove Phospholipids (gums)  Water Wash Remove all Water Water - fatty acids form salts Heat to 120°C  Acid Degumming  Settling Oil Preparation

1210/10/2015 Remove the Solids Remove Gums Determine Level of Free Fatty Acids  Too high retards or stop processing  May require titration  Method of determining the amount of acids present in the oil  Indicates amount of catalyst to use Waste Cooking Processing

1310/10/2015 Chemical Reaction  Oil plus Alcohol  Yields Esters + Glycerin  Catalyst - Potassium Hydroxide Proportions: (In theory)  10 parts oil - 1 part alcohol  10 parts biodiesel - 1 part glycerin Requires Excess Alcohol (In practice)  10 parts oil – 2 parts alcohol Processing

1410/10/2015 Biodiesel Washing Removes remaining: –Catalyst –Methanol –Glycerol –Soaps –Gums Add water to top of oil  Water collects at bottom  Repeat until clear water Heat for 1 hour at 248 F

1510/10/2015 ASTM standard D6751  18 factors  Purity  Storage  Cold Weather Properties  Engines Operation  Complete Conversion  Catalyst and Glycerin Removed Quality Factors

1610/10/2015 Biodiesel Quality Factors American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM) specifications. Biodiesel Standard: ASTM D 6751

1710/10/2015 Total Glycerin - Incomplete Reaction Free Glycerin - Incomplete Washing  May Separate in Storage  Clogs Filters Total Acid number  Methanol Carryover  Effects on Seals and Hoses Quality Factors

1810/10/2015 Small-Scale Equipment 40 gal in 24 hours - $2, Home Biodiesel_Bentonville, AR. 50 gal in 2 hours -$12, BK-300 BioKing_Netherlands 80 gal in 8 hours-$6, Ester Machine B100 Supply_Georgia. 50 gal in 60 hours - $7, BioPro_190 SSI Indiana.

1910/10/2015 More Information John Nowatzki Extension Ag Machine Systems Specialist North Dakota State University Telephone: