Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration

IV. Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration 1.What is photosynthesis? The process of capturing energy of sunlight and transforming it into chemical energy. a.Where in the cell does it take place? Chloroplast

b. What are the reactants and products? Write the overall equation for photosynthesis. The overall chemical reaction involved in photosynthesis is: 6CO2 + 6H2O (+ light energy)  C6H12O6 + 6O2. In simple terms, we can say it the following way Carbon Dioxide + Water (+ sun energy)  Glucose + Oxygen Reactants: Carbon dioxide, water, energy Products: Glucose, oxygen

2. What is the difference between autotrophs and heterotrophs? Autotrophs: –Organisms that make their own food –EX: green plants, algae Heterotrophs: –Organisms that cannot make their own food and must depend on other plants or animals as food source

3. What is aerobic cellular respiration? Where in the cell does it take place? Aerobic Respiration: –Occurs in presence of oxygen –Occurs in the mitochondria –Yields about 36 ATP

4. Compare and contrast the overall equations for photosynthesis and aerobic respiration. Photosynthesis and Cell Respiration are opposite reactions The products of one are the reactants of the other. Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy  Oxygen + Glucose CO2 + H20 + Light  02 + C6H12O6 Glucose + Oxygen  Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy C6H12O  CO2 + H20 + ATP

5. How is aerobic respiration different from anaerobic cellular respiration? Anaerobic Respiration: –Occurs without oxygen –Occurs in the cytoplasm –Yields 2 ATP

6. What is another name for anaerobic respiration? –Fermentation 7. Where in the cell does fermentation take place? –Cytoplasm

8. Two types of Anaerobic Respiration: 1.Alcoholic Fermentation (bread rising) 2. Lactic Acid Fermentation (muscle soreness)

9. Which word means “glucose splitting”? Where in the cell does it take place? 1 st step in respiration/ glycolysis –Occurs in the cytoplasm

Aerobic respiration happens in 2 stages: Stage 1 – Glycolysis glyco lysis glucose splitting

VII. DNA, RNA, Protein Synthesis 1.What are the 2 nucleic acids? 1.DNA 2.RNA 2.What are the monomers of nucleic acids? Nucleotides 3.Where in the cell is DNA located? nucleus 4.Which nucleic acid contains the genetic code? DNA

5. What is replication? Where does it take place? When in the cell cycle does DNA replicate? During replication DNA makes a copy of itself so that each new DNA molecule contains one original strand and one new strand. It takes place in the nucleus. Replication occurs during the S stage of Interphase.

7. What is transcription? Where does it take place? The process of making RNA from DNA. Nucleus 8. What is translation? The process of making polypeptides from RNA. 9. What are the three types of RNA? –Messenger RNA –Transfer RNA –Ribosomal RNA

10. What is a codon? On which type of RNA is it found? –A group of three bases on mRNA What is an anticodon? On which type of RNA is it found? –A group of three bases on tRNA that are complementary to their codon on mRNA 11. rRNA is part of which organelle? –ribosome

13. What is a mutation? A change in the sequence of DNA bases.

12. How are DNA and RNA different? 1. Different 5 carbon sugars 2. RNA has uracil instead of thymine 3. DNA has 2 strands, RNA 1 strand

14. What is a mutagen? Give some examples. An agent that causes a mutation in DNA. –Radiation, Ex. UV rays, X-rays –Chemicals, Ex. Cigaratte smoke –Physical irritants, Ex. Food in the small intestine –Virus, Ex. AIDS –Heredity (you can inherit a mutation)

15. You have the following strand of DNA: CCG ATT GAT a)What are the bases in its partner strand? GGC TAA CTA a)What is the mRNA strand that will be transcribed? GGC UAA CUA a)What is the tRNA that will form? CCG AUU GAU Circle the codons and anticodons!

VIII. Cell Cycle, Mitosis, Meiosis Cell Cycle –Interphase: resting stage –Mitosis: nucleus divides –Cytokinesis: separating of cytoplasm

Interphase Stage when a cell is between mitotic cycles (cells spend most time in this stage). –G1: cells grow –S: DNA replication –G2: organelle replication

Prophase Chromosomes become visible Centrioles move to opposite poles of the cells Microtubles form spindle Nuclear membrane disappears Nucleolus disappears

Metaphase doubled chromosomes line up on the equator

Anaphase Duplicate chromosomes (sister chromatids) move to opposite poles

Telephase Begins when chromosomes reach the poles Chromosomes uncoil Spindle and asters disappear Nuclear membrane forms Nucleoli reappears

Mitosis and Cytokinesis in Plant Cells Main events are the same Plants do not have centrioles or asters Cytokinesis cannot occur by pinching off of membrane –A cell plate forms between the new cells.

What is the chromosome count in a diploid human body cell? Haploid? Diploid- 46 Haploid- 23

MitosisMeiosis CellsAutosomes or Body Cells Gametes or Sex Cells DivisionsOneTwo Ending CellsTwoFour Diploid/HaploidDiploidHaploid Daughter CellsDiploidHaploid Same/DifferentSameDifferent

What is asexual reproduction? How is it different from sexual reproduction? Asexual is one parent; offspring is identical Sexual requires 2 parents; genetic variation

Types of Reproduction Asexual Reproduction: a new organism is produced from one parent without the use of special reproductive cells or organs. Sexual Reproduction: special reproductive cells from two separate parent organisms are used to produce a new organism. –Sexual reproduction is important because it promotes genetic variability among offspring.

Be able to describe the following terms: Chromatid: one of two identical strands of DNA making up a chromosome Centromere: point where the two identical or sister chromatids are joined Chromatin: Thin strands (like thread) of DNA Centriole: microtubule structure that helps organize the spindle fibers during cell division Spindle: a bundle of microtubules that separate chromosomes during mitosis Aster: microtubules surrounding the centriole Chromosome: Before a cell divides, the chromatin thickens and shortens

Vocabulary Synapsis: Skip Crossing Over: Segments of one DNA molecule transfers to other Tetrad: Skip Gamete: sperm or egg cell Haploid: n or half number of chromosomes Diploid: 2n Homologous Chromosome: Skip

Genetic Variation: Fertilization: Zygote:

X. Biochemistry: 1. Classify the following as carbs, lipids, proteins, or nucleic acids. Glycogen –Carbohydrate (polysaccharide in humans) Starch –Carbohydrate (polysaccharide in plants) Disaccharide –carbohydrate Polypeptide –Protein

2. Define/describe the following: Substrate –Substance that an enzyme acts up –Similar to a key Active Site –Enzymes contain active sites –Think of it like a lock Polypeptide –A chain of many amino acids joined together by peptide bonds Disaccharide –Two monosaccharides (monomer, ex. Glucose, Fructose) combine by dehydration synthesis to form a disaccharide (ex. Sucrose) and water

B. DNA 1.Who were Watson and Crick? Scientists that discovered the shape of a DNA molecule. 2.Describe the Watson-Crick model of DNA. Two strands Backbone: alternating deoxyribose sugar and phosphates Bases A/T, G/C 3.What did Watson and Crick determine is the shape of a DNA molecule Double helix

C. Microscope 1.What is the function of the coarse adjustment knob? The coarse adjustment knob focuses by moving the stage up and down. 2.Under what power should you use the coarse adjustment? The fine adjustment? The coarse adjustment should only be used on low power. The fine adjustment should be used for high power.