Cell cycle and mitosis

The sequence of events from one division of a cell to the next; consists of mitosis (or division) and interphase. mitosisinterphase A progress of a parent cell from creation to cellular division ( it contain growth, development and DNA synthesis). Cell cycle Definition The cell cycle, or cell-division cycle, is the series of events that takes place in a cell leading to its division and duplication (replication).cell In cells without a nucleus (prokaryotic), the cell cycle occurs via a process termed binary fission.prokaryoticbinary fission In cells with a nucleus (eukaryotes), the cell cycle can be divided in two brief periods: interphase—during which the cell grows, accumulating nutrients needed for mitosis and duplicating its DNA and the mitosis (M) phase, during which the cell splits itself into two distinct cells, often called "daughter cells".eukaryotesinterphaseduplicating its DNAmitosis

Mitosis is the process by which a eukaryotic cell separates the chromosomes in its cell nucleus into two identical sets in two nuclei.eukaryotic chromosomescell nucleus It is generally followed immediately by cytokinesis, which divides the nuclei, cytoplasm, organelles and cell membrane into two cells containing roughly equal shares of these cellular components.cytokinesiscytoplasmorganelles Mitosis and cytokinesis together define the mitotic (M) phase of the cell cyclecell cycle

Cytokinesis: The division of the cytoplasm during cell division.cytoplasm Cytokinins: A group of hormones that promote cell division and inhibit aging of green tissues in plants.hormones Centriole: Structures in the cytoplasm from which the spindle apparatus forms during cell division in eukaryotes.eukaryotes Centromere: Constriction locted in the chromosome; serves as an attachment site for sister chromatids and spindle fibers. Sister chromatid: Two identical copies of a parent chromosome which are attached to one another at the centromere. Spindle fibers: A protein structures which move the chromosomes during cell division. Cell cycle Glossary

Cell cycle

1. Interphase: which has three phase; a. First Gap (G1 phase) b. DNA Synthesis (S phase) c. Second Gap (G2 phase) 2. Cell division ( Mitosis or Meiosis) Cell cycle divided to two stages:

 First gap is usually longest period of cell cycle  Cell grows and Size increases  Cytoplasmic growth  Organelle development  Normal metabolism happen  G1 prepares the cell to undergo the next stage of synthesis Interphase: First Gap (G1 phase)

All chromosomes are duplicated; the chromosomes number does not change, but total amount of DNA doubles. New proteins synthesized to assemble with new DNA to form new Chromatid. replication begins at many sites along the length of a chromosome time to complete S phase varies between different life stages and between species Interphase: DNA synthesis (S phase)

Cell prepares itself for mitosis by synthesizing needed components. Construction of new spindle apparatuses which use in chromosome movement during cell division. Condensation of DNA into chromosomes begins. Interphase: Second Gap (G2 phase)

1. Nuclear division: which has four phase; a. Prophase b. Metaphase c. Anaphase d. Telophase 2. Cytoplasm division ( Cytokinesis ) Mitosis divided to:

Mitosis: 1. Prophase 1. The DNA in the nucleus coils and condenses to form visible chromosomes. 2. Duplicated chromosomes are composed of two sister chromatids attached by the centromere. 3. Spindle apparatus completes formation and centrioles move to opposite poles. 4. Nucleolus disappears. 5. Nuclear membrane disappear.

Prophase

Mitosis: 2. Metaphase Microtubules penetrate the nuclear region and form the spindle apparatus to attachment with chromosomes at the centromeres. Chromosomes move to a metaphase plate which is formed along the midline of the cell between the poles Chromosomes are at their most condensed state now. Metaphase chromosomes can be stained and will show distinctive banding patterns.

Metaphase

The spindle at metaphase Centriole Sister chromatids Kinetochore fibers Nonkinetochore fibres

Mitosis: 3. Anaphase Spindle fibers shorten and attachments between the two sister chromatids of the chromosomes break. The two are now separate chromosomes that move to opposite spindle poles. Each chromosome now has only one chromatid.  Centromere divide to create two chromosomes.  Anaphase results in the exact division of chromosome, distributing one complete diploid complement of genetic information to each daughter cell

Anaphase

Mitosis: 4. Telophase Chromosomes assemble at the poles. A new nuclear envelopes reassemble and surround each set of daughter chromosomes. Nucleoli reappear inside the newly formed nuclei. Chromosomes decondense in the daughter cells to become chromatin and the cells are once again in Interphase.

Telophase

Mitosis: Cytoplasm division (Cytokinesis ) Cells separate; Animals, plant, algal, and fungal cells differ in the way cells separate Animal cells form a cleavage furrow Plant cells form a central plate

Which one is a prophase?

What are these?

Metaphase or telophase?