CP BIOLOGY – QUARTERLY 3 REVIEW 2012

1. What makes up a nucleotide found in DNA? DEOXYRIBOSE, PHOSPHATE & 1 OF 4 NITROGEN BASES 2. Where is DNA located in eukaryotes? NUCLEUS 3.What is the process called where DNA makes a copy of itself? REPLICATION

4.If one DNA strand has the sequence CTAGGT what will be the complimentary strand’s sequence GATCCA 5. What makes up an RNA molecule? RIBOSE, PHOSPHATE & 1 OF 4 NITROGEN BASES 6.What is a codon? SET OF 3 CONSECUTIVE NITROGEN BASES FOUND ON THE mRNA

7. What happens during the process of translation and where in a cell does it take place? DECODING OF A mRNA into a protein. CYTOPLASM 8. Genes contain instructions for assembling amino acids into what molecule? PROTEINS 9.Identify the phases the cell cycle? INTERPHASE, PROPHASE, METAPHASE, ANAPHASE & TELOPHASE (G 1, S, G 2 & M)

10. What is the ultimate source of genetic variability? MUTATION 11. What is genetic engineering? PROCESS OF MAKING CHANGES IN THE DNA CODE OF LIVING THINGS 12.What is the centromere? PLACE WHERE SISTER CHROMATIDS ARE HELD TOGETHER

13. Identify the phases of mitosis and describe the events that occur during each phase. PROPHASE – NUCLEAR ENVELOPE DISAPPEARS, CHROMOSOMES COIL AND BECOME VISIBLE, SPINDLE FIBER FORMS AND CENTRIOLES (ANIMAL CELLS ONLY) MOVE TO OPPOSITE POLES METAPHASE – CHROMOSOMES LINE UP AT THE EQUATOR ANAPHASE – SISTERCHROMATIDS ARE PULLED APART BY SPINDLE FIBERS TO OPPOSITE POLES OF THE CELL. TELOPHASE – NUCLEAR ENVELOPE REAPPERS, IN ANIMAL CELLS CYTOKINESIS DIVIDES CYTOPLASM AND IN PLANT CELLS A CELL PLATE FORMS, BECOMING A NEW CELL WALL.

14. What is a hybrid? OFFSPRING THE RESULT FROM THE CROSS BETWEEN PARENTS WITH DIFFERENT TRAITS 15.What is probability that a human offspring will be female? 50% 16. What is the sex chromosomes make up of a female? XX

17. What happens to a cell as it grows larger? VOLUME INCREASES FASTER THAN THE SURFACE AREA 18.What is the principle of dominance? SOME ALLELES ARE DOMINANT AND SOME ALLELES ARE RECESSIVE 19. If an organism has 40 chromosomes in their the body cell, how many will be in the egg? 20

20. What is a mutation? ANY SUDDEN CHANGE IN THE DNA SEQUENCE 21.Describe the structure of RNA. RIBOSE SUGAR, PHOSPATE BACKBONE, ONE OF 4 NITROGEN BASES AND IS SINGLE STRANDED 22. What are the three types of RNA and what are their functions? Be able to identify each type of RNA. mRNA - CARRIES THE MESSAGE FROM DNA FOR THE MAKING OF PROTEINS – MADE BY TRANSCRIPTION tRNA – TRANSFER THE CORRECT AMINO ACID TO THE CODON ON THE mRNA DURING PROTEIN SYNTHESIS rRNA – MAKES UP THE RIBOSOMES AND HOLDS THE mRNA IN PLACE DURING PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

23. When are tetrads formed? PROPHASE I 24.Define homozygous. ORGANISMS WHICH HAVE TO IDENTICAL ALLELES FOR A TRAIT. 25. What holds the nitrogen bases together in a DNA molecule? HYDROGEN BONDS

26. What is the enzyme used in transcription? RNA POLYMERASE 27.What is transcription? PROCESS WHERE A STRAND OF mRNA IS MADE FROM ONE STRAND OF DNA 28. Identify a human trait determined by polygenic inheritance. HUMAN SKIN COLOR

29.If you made a Punnett square showing Gregor Mendel’s cross between true-breeding tall plants and true-breeding short plants, how would their genotype compare to the parents’? GENOTYPE IS DIFFERENT FROM THE PARENTS 30.What are some of the problems that growth of cells cause? DNA CANNOT CONTROL THE CELL WASTES CANNOT MOVE OUT OF THE CELL NUTRIENTS CANNOT GET INTO THE CELL 31. What is the definition of species? TWO ORGANISMS WHICH CAN INTERBREED AND PRODUCE VIABLE AND FERTILE OFFSPRING

32. Define cell division. PROCESS BY WHICH A CELL DIVIDES INTO TWO DAUGHTERS CELLS. 33.What is crossing over and when does it occur? THE EXCHANGE OF GENES BETWEEN HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES DURING PROPHASE I OF MEIOSIS. 34. How many variables are tested in a controlled experiment ? ONE

35. Define homeostasis ABILITY OF AN ORGANISM TO MAINTAIN INTERNAL CONDITIONS NECESSARY FOR LIFE – INTERNAL BALANCE 36. What occurs during interphase? A CELL GROWS, CARRIES OUT ITS NECESSARY LIFE FUNCTIONS, REPLICATES ITS DNA AND PREPARES TO DIVIDE 37.Define diffusion. MOVEMENT OF MOLECULES FROM AN AREA OF HIGHER CONCENTRATION TO AN AREA OF LOWER CONCENTRATION.

38.In the figure above, identify each step of the cell cycle. A – G 1 – CELLS GROWS - PART OF INTERPHASE B – S – REPLICATION OF DNA – PART OF INTERPHASE C – G 2 – PREPARE TO DIVIDE – PART OF INTERPHASE D – M - MITOSIS

39.What codon would specify the amino acid tryptophan? UGG 40.Identify the 3 STOP codons. UGA, UAA, UAG 41.Identify the START codon and the amino acid. AUG - METHONINE

42. What amino acid does the codon UUU code for? PHENYLALANINE 43.What amino does the codon CGA code for? ARGININE

44. What does structure A&B represent? DNA 45. What does structure F represent? CODON 46.What does structure E represent? START CODON

47. What would happen to structure F if structure C were deleted? MUTATION 48.What process does structure X represent? TRANSCRIPTION

49. What is the chromosome number of the cell shown? Identify the structures labeled X and Y. X – CENTRIOLE Y – SPINDLE FIBER 51.List the correct order for the diagrams. D, A, C, B

52. What phase is cell “D” in? INTERPHASE 53.What phase is Cell “A” in? METAPHASE