General Chemistry Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences (MGGC-101)& (GRGC-101)

Supervision: Prof.Dr.Shehata El-Sewedy Dr.Fatma Ahmed

Outcomes By the end of this lecture, the students will be able to 1-Understand Periodic Table and the Elements 2-learn to classification of Periodic Table and the Elements 3-To differentiate between Periodic properties such as Atomic radius, Ionization energy, Electron affinity and Electron negativity 4-Recognize development of periodic table

What is the periodic table ? What information is obtained from the table ? How can elemental properties be predicted base on the PT ?

In 1869 Mendeleev and Lothar Meyer (Germany) published nearly identical classification schemes for elements known to date. The periodic table is base on the similarity of properties and reactivities exhibited by certain elements. Later, Henri Moseley ( England, ) established that each elements has a unique atomic number, which is how the current periodic table is organized.

A map of the building block of matter.

The way the periodic table usually seen is a compress view, placing the Lanthanides and actinides at the bottom of the stable. The Periodic Table can be arrange by subshells. The s-block is Group IA and & IIA, the p-block is Group IIIA - VIIIA. The d-block is the transition metals, and the f-block are the Lanthanides and Actinide metals

Layout of the Periodic Table: Metals vs. nonmetals Metals Nonmetals

Main (Representative), Transition metals, lanthanides and actinides (rare earth)

 Nonmetals, Metals, Metalloids, Noble gases

Periods: Are arranged horizontally across the periodic table (rows 1-7) These elements have the same number of valence shells. 2nd Period 6th Period

Family: Are arranged vertically down the periodic table (columns or group, or 1-8 A,B) These elements have the same number electrons in the outer most shells, the valence shell. Alkali Family: 1 e- in the valence shell Alkali Family: 1 e- in the valence shell Halogen Family: 7 e- in the valence shell Halogen Family: 7 e- in the valence shell

Notable families of the Periodic Table and some important members: Alkali Alkaline (earth) Transition Metals Noble Gas HalogenChalcogens

Individual members of selected Elements & their characteristics H He Li Na KCa Mg Fe I Cl F P SSi ONC Al Zn Cu Ag Br

 B  2p 1 H 1s 1 Li 2s 1 Na 3s 1 K 4s 1 Rb 5s 1 Cs 6s 1 Fr 7s 1 Be 2s 2 Mg 3s 2 Ca 4s 2 Sr 5s 2 Ba 6s 2 Ra 7s 2 Sc 3d 1 Ti 3d 2 V 3d 3 Cr 4s 1 3d 5 Mn 3d 5 Fe 3d 6 Co 3d 7 Ni 3d 8 Zn 3d 10 Cu 4s 1 3d 10 B 2p 1 C 2p 2 N 2p 3 O 2p 4 F 2p 5 Ne 2p 6 He 1s 2 Al 3p 1 Ga 4p 1 In 5p 1 Tl 6p 1 Si 3p 2 Ge 4p 2 Sn 5p 2 Pb 6p 2 P 3p 3 As 4p 3 Sb 5p 3 Bi 6p 3 S 3p 4 Se 4p 4 Te 5p 4 Po 6p 4 Cl 3p 5 Be 4p 5 I 5p 5 At 6p 5 Ar 3p 6 Kr 4p 6 Xe 5p 6 Rn 6p 6 Y 4d 1 La 5d 1 Ac 6d 1 Cd 4d 10 Hg 5d 10 Ag 5s 1 4d 10 Au 6s 1 5d 10 Zr 4d 2 Hf 5d 2 Rf 6d 2 Nb 4d 3 Ta 5d 3 Db 6d 3 Mo 5s 1 4d 5 W 6s 1 5d 5 Sg 7s 1 6d 5 Tc 4d 5 Re 5d 5 Bh 6d 5 Ru 4d 6 Os 5d 6 Hs 6d 6 Rh 4d 7 Ir 5d 7 Mt 6d 7 Ni 4d 8 Ni 5d 8

The periodic table can be classified by the behavior of their electrons

Periodic properties The periodic law states that when the elements are arranged by atomic number, their physical and chemical properties vary periodically. Among periodic properties, we will discuss 1- Atomic radius 2- Ionization energy 3- Electron affinity 4- Electron negativity.

Atomic Radius: Within the groups of the periodic table, the atomic radius increases as you go down the group. Within the periods of the periodic table, the atomic radius decreases as you move to the right..

Ionization potential: **** ionization energy of an atom is the minimal energy needed to remove the outermost electron from the neutral atom. Within a period, as you move from left to right across a period, first ionization energy increases. WHY? As you move across a period, the atomic radius decreases, that is, the atom is smaller. The outer electrons are closer to the nucleus and more strongly attracted to the center. Therefore, it becomes more difficult to remove the outermost electron.

Within a group, as you move down a group, first ionization energy decreases. WHY? As you move down a group, the atomic radius increases, that is, the atom is bigger. The outer electrons are farther away from the nucleus and weakly attracted to the center. Therefore, it becomes easier to remove the outermost electron.

Electron Affinity: The electron affinity EA of an atom or ion is the energy change (mainly energy released) with gaining an e by the atom in the gaseous state Cl (g) + e - → Cl - (g) EA= -439 kJ/mol

Periodic Table Periodic Table: Map of the Building block of matter Type Type: Metal, metalloid and Nonmetal Groupings: Representative or main, transition and Lanthanide/Actanides Family Family: Elements in the same column have similar chemical property because of similar valence electrons Alkali, Alkaline, chalcogens, halogens, noble gases Period: Period: Elements in the same row have valence electrons in the same shell. Summary

Quiz time

Arrange these elements based on their increasing Electronegativity a-Se, Ge, Br, As b. Be, Mg, Ca, Ba

Student Question

Arrange these elements based on their increasing Electronegativity a-Se, Ge, Br, As b. Be, Mg, Ca, Ba 1- Atomic radius 2- Ionization energy 3- Electron affinity 4- Electron negativity. Arrange these elements based on their increasing and why?????????? Cr, K, Br, Sc Se, Ca, Cu, Kr

Assignments Group A and Group B محمود أحمد شحاتة - مروان يوسف - على عبدالغنى - مروة فاروق عبدالستار - مريم احمد محمد ابوالغيط - مى الهرميل جمال - مى صبرى طايل - مينا صبحى رشدى - هاجر عادل محمد Effect of hydrogen peroxide on health اية سعودى - اسلام محمد عبدالسلام - حمادة محمد العشرى حميد عبدالاله - رحاب سعد محمد - عمرو عبدالمنعم اميرة صلاح عبدالسلام - ايمان كمال عمرو جمال كمال - سارة مصطفى على Effect of sulphur dioxide(SO2) on health خلود ممدوح حامد - ايمان جمال عبد اللطيف الاء فتحى عبده عمر - محمد هانى - منى اشرف كمال سها محمد - محمد أنور عبدالغنى - أحمد شيخون محفوظ Uses of Phosphoric acids عمر عبدالحى عنتر على وصال سالم الصفتى مهاب محمد وجية ريهام الشربينى احمد مروة عبدالفتاح عبدالحفيظ أحمد شريف السيد Toxic effect of hydrochloric acid

Group A and Group B فريدة ماهر محمد كريم عبد العزيز كمال محمد كمال محمد صابر عبد الله محمد صالح السيد محمد صلاح جابر محمد طاهر عبدالحميد محمد عاصم محمد الهادى محمد فايز عبد القادر محمد فوزى عبدالمنصف Applications of sulfuric acid أحمد عبدالله أحمد عبد المقصود أحمد على يحيى أحمد هشام بطاح ألاء محمد مفرح اية محمد على باسم فونس خالد صلاح الدين محمد عبد الرحمن السيد فاطمة السيد محمد محمد Effect of nitration on health

1-Raymond Chang. Chemistry. 10th ed Zumdehl. International edition. 2009