Methodology of essays Author: PhDr. Mgr. Lubica Jurickova, Ph.D. Lecturer: PhDr. Miloslav Klugar, Ph.D. Social Medicine and Medical Ethics Department of Social Medicine and Health Care Policy Office number: Office hours: Friday 9:00 – 11: 00 Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry Palacky University in Olomouc

Content of seminar 1. What is professional essay. 2. How to write professional essay. 3. Whom, and when to submit professional essay.

1. What is professional essay In a broader sense: On a given topic Author has to study scientific literature Arguing by authority Than write a part which express an authors own opinion (KUBATOVA H., 2009, Handbook of authors thesis, p. 23). In a narrower sense: Genre on the border of journalism and literature that uses linguistic resources, ie metaphors, direct quotations, indirect quotations, rhetorical questions, etc. (PROKOP V., 2005, Theory of Literature, p 46).

2. How to write a professional essay? I choose a topic from the list offering by the Department of Social Medicine. For example: The euthanasia and a termination of ineffective treatment. The topics are written see

How to write a professional essay? I´ll get to the chosen topic at least 2 professional papers or essays (it means professional publications or professional papers or essays which will be in printed or electronic form). Do not forget you reference from primary sources.

How to write a professional essay? In introduction of essay: I formulate the question (or questions), which I´ll answer, clearly; and then I write clearly what the main aim of the essay:  The question: Do you consider the euthanasia as a help or a murder of a human being?  The aim of the essay: The aim of the essay is…

How to write a professional essay? When I write a professional essay I present the ideas or thoughts of other authors (the information from professional publications) and my own ideas or thoughts.  ! With the ideas of other authors: I distinguish a direct quotation (citation) and an indirect quotation (paraphrase); I refer to by abbreviated form in a round brackets (like surname, the of publication, page number or numbers) in a whole essay text; In the list of literature I present more information in a required order (I remind you of using different information given for publications and other given for articles in a journal etc.)

How to write a professional essay? After finishing of writing I read the whole essay carefully and I check if: a) The essay meets the demands in terms of content and terms of form b) The essay contains: a title page (see the example no. 1), its own text – the text of essay and the list of literature (see the example no.2).

How to write a professional essay? The own text of essay is divided to:  An introduction;  A body of essay – the own text of essay (and the body is divided to the paragraphs);  A conclusion. Note: the words „introduction“, „body of essay“ and „conclusion“ are not written in the text of essay.

What to usually write in the introduction of the essay? I sum up the piece of knowledge about a researched topic which has been published or known till now. I present general information about the importance of the researched topic. I formulate a problem – a question (or questions), which I´ll answer, and the aim of essay (in an indicative sentence); a reader must know at the beginning of the essay what the essay is about and what the aim of the essay is. I define the researched topic.

What to usually write in the body of the essay? I develop a problem – a question (or questions), the aim (or aims) of the essay. I explain the ideas or thoughts and I can support them by the examples. I divide the whole essay to the paragraphs. I argue by the authority (or authorities). I use my own argued statements too. I refer in the text properly (in an abbreviated form).

What to usually write in the conclusion of the essay? I sum up the results of the consideration (a previous text). I have a think about the results, possibly I draw the consequences and I outline future tasks. I have a think about wider implications of the researched topic by using presented theoretical pieces of knowledge.

Notification The worst mistake is not to say anything, not to express what you do really think of something (of the topic, problem). The different mistake is generality, semantic emptiness (the essay is not a stylistic formation used for an empty babbling).

How to write a professional essay In the text of professional essay you quote from primary sources (printed or electronic). Why do I have to link a source of used information? ! See the Act no. 121/2000 Co. (Copyright Act) as amended.

How to write a professional essay? BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES AND QUOTATION

Bibliographical references More than 5000 citation styles USE CITATION STYLE APA 6 df

How to write a professional essay? Ideas of other authors and Information from texts of other professional publications List of literature Direct quotation (text is in quotes) Indirect quotation (text is retold in your own words) Just mandatory („some“) data quotation Your own ideas The abbreviated form of reference in the text of essay: (surname, year, page) Example (Nový, 2009, p 25)

What is a direct quotation (citation) and how can I present it in a text? The direct quotation (citation) is a literal introduction of a passage from an other author´s text with a reference to a source of information.  Example no.1: „The population is aging“ (Kalvach, 2006, p 8);  Example no. 2: Kalvach (2006, p 8) says: „Population is aging.“ If the author´s name occurs in the text, it´s followed by the year of publication and the page number in a round brackets.

When do we use a direct quotation? We use the direct quotation then if it supports or completes our own statement or if it is a subject of our analysis, commentary etc.

What is an indirect quotation (paraphrase) and how can I present it in a text? An indirect quotation (paraphrase) is a retold text of other author with a references to a source of information, which is told by our own words.  Example no. 1: By Kalvach (2006, p 8) in the senior population there is the predominance of women.  Example no. 2: In the senior population there is the predominance of women (Kalvach, 2006, p 8).

When do we use an indirect quotation? We use an indirect quotation then if we want to reproduce the extensive passages briefly or if we want to inform about them as about a whole in order to support or development of our own thoughts or ideas.

The references in the text (one author wrote two publications during one year) 1. text (Nový, 2004a, p 2-3) 2. text (Nový, 2004b, p 12) If two or more information sources have the same author and the year of publication, they are distinguished by small letters of alphabet (a, b, c etc.) and they follow after the year of publication.

How to refer to in a professional text (the examples of a direct and indirect quotation and argumentation) „Xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx.“ (Kalvach, 2010, p 11). By Munzarová (2006, p 8-9) xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx. It follows that xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx. Ko ř enek (2004, p 9) emphasizes: „Xxxxxxxxxxx.“ His argumentation is that xxxxxxxxxxxxx, because xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx, and that´s why I agree with a conclusion of Haškovcová (2010, p 20) proving xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx.

Notification no. 1 It is important to distinguish our own thoughts from other´s thoughts (if you read the text in a row, just ask yourself if it´s absolutely clear who the author of the thought is – if it´s you or the authority).

Notification no. 2 For each a direct or indirect quotation in the text there must be a bibliographic citation of the publication in a list of literature the essay referred to (in a list of literature it´s enough to mention only „some“ information, see Example no. 2 – The list of literature).

How to write it in the list of literature (1)? Kořenek, Josef Medical ethics. Olomouc: Palacky University. Munzarová, Marta Euthanasia or palliative care? Prague: Grada Publishing. ! In this way you quote bibliographic citation of publication or other individually published monographic printed document (see Example no. 2 as well). Notice that the items in the list of literature are ordered alphabetical by author´s surname.

The structure of bibliographic citation of a book or other individually published monographic printed document in the list of literature:  Surname, Name of author;  Year of publication;  Name of a book;  Place of publication, publisher. Notice that surname is written in capital letters and there is a dot behind the author´s name and surname. The year of publication is written behind the author´s name and the information is completed by a dot. It is recommended to write the name of the book in italics. A colon is written behind the place of publication, and after there is information about publisher. In the list of literature there must be used an unified punctuation (commas, dots etc).

How to write a bibliographical citations if there are more authors? HAŠKOVÁ, Hana, et al., 2009.Forensic psychiatry and psychology. Prague: Grada Publishing.  More than three authors: All names should be mentioned if it´s possible. If some names are left out, it´s quoted the first author´s name and the abbreviation „et.al.“ (and others) follows after it.  Two or three authors: All names are mentioned.

Cite when write Is here an easier way? Reference management software.

How to write a professional essay (summary) I choose the topic from the offer of the Department of Social Medicine and Health Policy; I get at least 3 professional publications; In introduction of the essay I form the problem of the essay clearly – the sentence in a form of question and the aim of essay (indicative sentence); The reader must know at the beginning of the essay what the main aim of the essay is, what the essay is about); I refer in the text of the essay properly; I check if the essay: a) meets the demands in terms of content and terms of form (The evaluation criteria for essays) b) contains a title page, its own text – the text of essay (at least 3 pages) and the list of literature.

Recommended literature Office for Standards, Metrology and Testing.ISO 690:2011 ( ). Information and documentation – Rules for bibliographic references and citations of information sources. SLADE, John How to write an essay. Woodgate international [online]. New York: Woodgate, [cit ]. Avialable from: say.pdf SZYMANEK, Krzysztof, Krzysztof A. WIECZOREK and Andrzej S. WÓJCIK. Art of argumentation. Olomouc: Palacky University, ISBN

2. How to write a professional essay? FORMALITIES

Formalities of the essay Margins: 2,5 cm; Script: Times New Roman (12); Paragraph: indent the first line 1cm from the left perpendicular (don´t make a gap between paragraphs); Line spacing: 1,5; Align text to the block (the right edge is aligned) Number of pages of own essay: 3 or more; Page numbering of the essay: Page numbering starts from the main text 2, 3. A title page and the list of literature are not counted to the total page numbering, it means that they are not numbered (see arrangement of essay).

2. How to write a professional essay ARRANGEMENT OF ESSAY

Arrangement of essay 1. first page is the title page (see Example no. 1). The title page is not counted to the total numbering of pages and the number of this page (p 1) is not stated. 2., 3. pages, or else pages are the own text of essay. It starts page numbering there: Insert – page numbers, placed – down (foot of page). Align – in the middle (on the last page of the own text you sign yourself personally). 5. page is the list of literature (see Example 2). It is 5. (last) page, do not write the number.

3. To whom and when to turn in the essay Submit the essays to control to PhDr. Miloslav Klugar, Ph.D., by LMS UNIFOR Deadline is

Date and requirements for credits Date of fulfillment On a day of fulfillment bring (except index) your personally singed essay in a printed form (Please, sign on the last page of the own text, not on page with the list of literature). The essay must meet the requirements in terms of content and terms of form (see The evaluation criteria for essays). The essays approval is a requirement to singing up for the oral exam.