Alan D. Morales, M.Ed., ATC/L Classification Alan D. Morales, M.Ed., ATC/L

Why do we classify? To organize organisms into groups that have biological meaning Taxonomy-the study that classify organisms & assign each organism a universally accepted name. Uses Greek & Latin language

Why do they uses common names? Common names was confusing. Same organism may have different names Puma, cougar, panther, mountain lion Different species may shared single common name Buzzard: US-Vulture; UK-Hawk

How does an organism get it assigned scientific name? Binomial Nomenclature Created by Carolus Linnaeus Two-part naming system Always written in italics 1st word is capitalized and 2nd word is lowercased 1st word-the genus 2nd word-the species (refers to important trait of organism or where it lives) Example: Grizzly Bear- Ursus arctos

Linnaeus’s System of Classification 7 Taxonomic Categories Species Genus Family Order Class Phylum Kingdom Sam Gave Fred One Copper Padlock Key. Do Activity

Modern Evolutionary Classification Traditional classification problem: Classifying organisms with similar body structure or important traits Evolution Classification Strategy of grouping organism together based on evolutionary history

Cladistic analysis-identifies & considers only those characteristics of organisms that are evolutionary innovation Derived characters-characteristics that recently appeared in lineage not in older members Cladogram-a diagram that shows the evolutionary relationship among a group of organisms. Do Lab

Cladogram is similar to a family tree in that it shows relationships common among relative organisms.

Classification Tools DNA & RNA Molecular Clock Scientist examine DNA & RNA to help determine classification of organism Example: Amer. vulture, African vulture, & Stork Molecular Clock Used to mark evolutionary change in organism by comparing the DNA

Kingdom & Domains Early Tree of Life were misguided assumptions Linnaeus Taxonomy did not adequately represent the full diversity. 6 Kingdom System of Classification Eubacteria Archaebacteria Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia

Domain System Developed with uses of comparative studies on RNA & molecular clock Larger than a Kingdom System Bacteria Eubacteria Archaea Archaebacteria Eukarya Protista, Fungi, Plantae, & Animalia Revisit Saying Activity

Classification of Living Things Domain Bacteria Archaea Eukarya Kingdom Eubacteria Archaebacteria Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia Cell Type Prokaryote Eukaryote Cell Structure Cell wall w/ peptidoglycan Cell wall w/o peptidoglycan Cell wall of cellulose in some; some have chloroplast Cell wall of chitin Cell wall of cellulose; chloroplast No cell wall or chloroplast # of Cells Unicellular Most unicellular; some multicellular Most multicellular; some Unicellular Multicellular Mode of Nutrition Autotroph or Hetertroph Hetertroph Autotroph Examples Streptococcus Halophiles Slime molds, giant kelp Mushroom, yeast Mosses, ferns, plants Sponges, insects, fishes, mammals

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