Structures, Specialties, & Pathology Urinary system Ch 9

Structures Kidneys – 2 layers that surround the renal pelvis Renal cortex – the outer layer – Contains over one million nephrons Renal medulla – Inner layer – Contains most of the urine-collecting tubules

Structures Nephrons – Glomerulus – Renal pelvis Ureters – Carry urine from kidneys to bladder – 10 to 12 inches long Bladder – Hollow muscular organ – Located in the anterior portion of the pelvic cavity – Holds about one pint of urine

Structures Urethra – Two urinary sphincters, one at each end – Urethral meatus or urinary meatus is the external opening of the urethra – Female urethra is about 1.5 inches long – Male urethra is about 8 inches

Specialties Nephrologist – Specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the kidneys Urologist – Specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the urinary system of females and the genitourinary system of males

Pathology Renal failure – Acute renal failure – Chronic renal failure – Anuria – End-stage renal disease – Uremia Uremic poisoning A toxic condition caused by excessive amount of urea and other waste products in the bloodstream

Pathology Nephrotic syndrome – Edema – Hyperlipidemia – Hypoproteinuria – Hyperproteinuria Abnormally high concentration of protein in the urine

Pathology Kidneys – Glomerulonephritis – Hydronephrosis Dilation of the renal pelvis of one or both kidneys. The result of an obstruction of the flow of urine – Nephrectasis Distention of a kidney

Pathology – Nephritis – Nephroptosis – Nephropyosis – Pyelitis – Pyelonephritis Inflammation of the renal pelvis and of the kidney – Renal colic

Pathology Stones –C–Calculus Nephrolithiasis –K–Kidney stone Cystolith –S–Stone found in the bladder

Ureters – Hydroureter – Ureterectasis The distention of a ureter – Ureterorrhagia – Ureteralgia Pain in the ureter – Ureterostenosis

Pathology Urinary bladder – Cystalgia Bladder pain – Cystitis – Interstitial cystitis – Cystocele – Cystorrhagia Bleeding from the bladder – UTI – Vesicovaginal fissure

Pathology Urethra – Reflux – Urethralgia – Urethritis – Urethrorrhagia – Urethrorrhea – urethrostenosis

Pathology Urethra continued – Abnormal openings Epispadias Hypospadias Paraspadias – A congenital abnormality in males in which the urethral opening is on one side of the penis

Pathology Urination – Diuresis The increased excretion of urine – Dysuria Difficult or painful urination – Enuresis Involuntary discharge of urine Nocturnal enuresis also known as bed-wetting – Nocturia Excessive urination during the night

– Oliguria – Polyuria Excessive urination – Urinary retention – Incontinence Stress incontinence Urge incontinence