Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Seventh Edition Elaine N. Marieb Chapter 5 Skeletal System Bone Tissue Part 1 (pgs and )

Review What is the root word for bone? (Hint: it starts with an “O”) What are some functions of our bones/skeleton? List a few! What process occurs in red bone marrow? (Hint: It has to do with blood)

The Skeletal System Slide 5.1 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Structures Bones Cartilage Ligaments joints Functions  Support  Protection  Movement (tendons)  Storage of minerals (P and Ca) and fats  Hematopoiesis

Histology of our Skeleton Slide 5.2 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings *Osseous (bone) tissue- most rigid connective tissue Nervous/nerves (on inside) Various connective tissues (around outside) Hyaline cartilage (at ends of bones) Dense fibrous connective (in ligaments) Blood and blood vessels (on inside)

Classification of Bones Slide 5.4c Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 5.1 (e) Wormian (sutural) bone e.g.between skull bones (f) Sesamoid bone (e.g. patella)

Gross Anatomy of a Long Bone Slide 5.6 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Diaphysis: “shaft” length (contains compact bone tissue)  Epiphyses : ends (contains spongy bone tissue)  Proximal & Distal Figure 5.2a  Red marrow: in spongy epiphyses hematopoiesis occurs! (contains hematopietic stem cells)

Structures of a Long Bone Slide 5.7 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Periosteum: covering of diaphysis  Sharpey’s fibers Figure 5.2c

Structures of a Long Bone Slide 5.8a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Articular Cartilage: covering of epiphyses (ends)  decreases friction between bones  (Hyaline cartilage) Figure 5.2a  Medullary cavity (marrow):  inside diaphysis  contains yellow marrow for fat storage (adipose)

Structures of a long bone Slide 5.3 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Compact bone tissue: mostly in diaphysis, (structure and support)  Spongy bone tissue: mostly in epiphyses (red marrow storage) Figure 5.2b

Structures of a Long Bone Slide 5.7 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Endosteum- lines medullary cavity in diaphysis  Contains: bone remodeling cells (osteoclasts) and… bone growth cells (osteoblasts) Figure 5.2c

Structures of a long bone Slide 5.3 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Epiphyseal line (aka growth plate)  between epiphysis and diaphysis  bone growth in length Figure 5.2b

Gross Anatomy of long bones Slide 5.2 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Word Bank: endosteum periosteum red marrow yellow marrow articular cartilage medullary cavity diaphysis epiphyses epiphyseal line spongy bone tissue compact bone tissue (outer covering) 4 (type of bone tissue) 5 6 (outer covering) 7 (type of bone tissue) 8 (hollow space) 9 10 (type of marrow located here)

Microscopic Anatomy of long bones Slide 5.2 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Review: All connective tissue (including osseous) has: 1. matrix 2. cells 3. fibers Bone Matrix = calcium & phosphorus compounds What makes up connective tissue???

Microscopic Anatomy of long bones Slide 5.2 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Spongy bone- Structural units= bony plates called trabeculae

Microscopic Anatomy of long bones Slide 5.2 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Compact bone- Structural Units = concentric rings called Osteons or Haversian Systems Osteon or Haversian System

Spongy vs. Compact Bone

Osteons (Haversian systems)= compact bone tissue structural unit Slide 5.10b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 5.3

Osteons Slide 5.10a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Osteonic (Haversian) Canal-  Runs through the core of each osteon  Contains blood vessels and nerves

Connecting Osteons Slide 5.11a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 5.3  Perforating (Volkmann’s) canal  Connects blood vessels and nerves of periosteum to those of the medullary cavity

Osteons Slide 5.11b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Canaliculi - tiny canals for transport  connect Haversion canal to lacunae  Like wheel spokes from each lacuna  Connect to canaliculi of adjacent lacunae Figure 5.3

Osteons Slide 5.11a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Concentric lamellae-  matrix (Ca & Phosphorus compounds) rings around the central canal Figure 5.3

Slide 5.11a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Osteocytes (in lacuna)  bone cells in cavities between lamellae rings Figure 5.3 Osteocyte (cell) Lacuna (cavity)

Between Osteons Slide 5.11a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Interstitial lamellae- old pieces of osteons that have been pushed out

Lamellae

Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Seventh Edition Elaine N. Marieb Chapter 5 Skeletal System Bone Tissue pgs and PPT 2

Ossification is bone formation Slide kinds of ossification 2 kinds of ossification:  1. Intramembranous- occurs in the skull and other flat bones  It occurs when connective tissue is formed and then turns to bone 2. Endochondral - occurs in all long bones (exs arm and leg bones) Occurs when cartilage is formed and then turns to bone

Bone Growth Steps (Width & Length in long bones) Slide 5.13a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings 1. Cartilage forms - chondroblasts (cartilage germ cells) are formed and then are replaced by chondrocytes (cartilage cells) 2. Cartilage calcifies (hardens) with the addition of calcium 3. Bone forms when the cartilage is replaced by the osteoblasts (bone germ cells) and then are replaced by osteocytes (mature bone cells) 4. Bone calcifies as calcium is added

Bone Growth in Width and Length Slide 5.13a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  In width bones grow at the endosteum (following steps on previous slides)  In length bones grow at the epiphyseal growth plates (following steps on previous slides)  At growth plates a hormone called HGH allows the growth plates to continue growing but… anabolic steroids prematurely close the growth plates = stunt growth

Long Bone Remodeling and homeostasis Slide 5.14b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 5.4b

Remodeling/Homeostasis osteocytes Osteoclasts (bone eating cells) remove old osteocytes and pieces of osteons including calcium matrix osteoblasts (bone germ cells) add new matrix and cells, they get replaced by osteocytes (mature bone cells)- occurs at endosteum (lining of medullary cavity) Osteoclasts (bone eating cells) remove old osteocytes and pieces of osteons including calcium matrix, osteoblasts (bone germ cells) add new matrix and cells, they get replaced by osteocytes (mature bone cells)- occurs at endosteum (lining of medullary cavity)

Remodeling controlled by 2 hormones Vitamin D (in diet) allows calcium to be absorbed into the blood also PTH Blood Ca + levels fall = PTH allows Ca + to be removed from bone matrix to be used for other functions Blood Ca + levels rise = calcitonin allows excess Ca + to be stored in the bone matrix until needed

___ chondroblast ___ osteocyte ___ chondrocyte ___ osteoclast ___ HGH ___ PTH ___ Vitamin D ___ osteoblast ___ calcitonin ___ lacunae A.Bone germ cell (lays down new matrix) B.Cartilage germ cells C.Promotes growth at epiphyseal plates D.Mature cartilage cell E.Allows Ca to be absorbed into the blood effectively F.Mature bone cell G.Signals bone matrix to be broken down (to increase blood Ca level) H.Signals bone matrix to be added (to store excess Ca in blood) I.Bone-eating cell J.Capsule/space around osteocyte

Bone Fractures Slide 5.16 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Closed AKA Open AKA Complete fractures- Complete fractures- bone broken into 2 or more pieces Partial fractures- Partial fractures- bone not broken into 2 complete pieces (Ex. stress fracture) (Always simple fracture: never go through skin) Bone pieces do not protrude through skin Bone pieces does protrude through skin

Common Types of Fractures Slide 5.17 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Table 5.2 stress Crack develops in bone due to repeated use Common in dancers

Stages in the Healing of a Bone Fracture Slide 5.19 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 5.5 Blood clots Cartilage forms first Bone replaces cartilage Osteoclasts remove excess bone matrix

Bone Tissue Disorders Look these up on pages in book or online

Disorders/Homeostatic Imbalances Slide 5.20a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Osteoporosis

Disorders/Homeostatic Imbalances Slide 5.20a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Osteoporosis – porous bones are weak and brittle

Disorders/Homeostatic Imbalances Slide 5.20a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Bunion – bump on toe when big toe points inward, painful bone spur – bony projections in joints, painful

Disorders/Homeostatic Imbalances Slide 5.20a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Vitamin D deficiencies

Disorders/Homeostatic Imbalances Slide 5.20a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Vitamin D deficiencies- result in soft bones rickets osteomalacia

Disorders/Homeostatic Imbalances  Osteomalacia

Disorders/Homeostatic Imbalances  Osteoarthritis & Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)

Disorders/Homeostatic Imbalances Slide 5.20a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Osteosarcoma (osteogenic sarcoma) AKA bone cancer/tumor

Disorders/Homeostatic Imbalances Slide 5.20a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Gout – uric acid build up, joint pain, inflammation, hot to touvch

Disorders/Homeostatic Imbalances Slide 5.20a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Aging and demineralization  Calcium removed from bone matrix due to poor diet (or other factors) - can then lead to bone disorders Exs. Osteoporosis Osteomalacia Osteoarthritis