Ancient Near East Outside the River Valley

The Covenant : "you will be my people and I will be your god" Monotheism

Ancient Hebrews Semitic people at Ur Semitic people at Ur Abraham: the Patriarch (of Judaism, thus Christianity and Islam) Abraham: the Patriarch (of Judaism, thus Christianity and Islam) Enslavement in Egypt (Hyksos?) Enslavement in Egypt (Hyksos?) Return to Canaan (the promised land) Return to Canaan (the promised land) Unification under Saul, David, Solomon Unification under Saul, David, Solomon Division into Israel (North) and Judah (South) Division into Israel (North) and Judah (South) Conquered by Assyrians and Babylonians Conquered by Assyrians and Babylonians “Babylonian Captivity “Babylonian Captivity

David and Goliath Epic battle of the Hebrews vs Philistines

the David Michelangelo

Phoenicians Canaan (Semitic roots) Canaan (Semitic roots) City-State System – prone to attack City-State System – prone to attack Alphabet Alphabet Trade & Production (glass, purple dye) Trade & Production (glass, purple dye) Colonization – Europe, North Africa Colonization – Europe, North Africa Navigation techniques Navigation techniques

Hittites Indo-European roots Indo-European roots Asia Minor center of political Hattusha Asia Minor center of political Hattusha Built an empire – into Mesopotamia and Levant Built an empire – into Mesopotamia and Levant Discovery of Iron Metallurgy Discovery of Iron Metallurgy Adopted many Cultural characteristics from Mesopotamian river valley groups Adopted many Cultural characteristics from Mesopotamian river valley groups Battle of Kadesh Battle of Kadesh

Battle at Kadesh

What is significant? Monotheism Missionaries of Civilization Iron Metallurgy