7. Promoting Student Achievement Individual Differences among Children This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: Any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; Preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images; Any rental, lease, or lending of the program.

School Accountability and Student Achievement Federal Initiatives toward Testing and Accountability Federal Initiatives toward Testing and Accountability Using Student Test Data to Improve Student Achievement Using Student Test Data to Improve Student Achievement Norm-Referenced Tests Norm-Referenced Tests Criterion-Referenced Tests Criterion-Referenced Tests Data-Driven Decision Making Data-Driven Decision Making Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Grouping Students Group Size Group Composition Retention Appropriate Bases for Grouping Group Flexibility Grouping Guidelines Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Research on Teaching How Children Learn How Children Learn Effective Planning Skills Effective Planning Skills Effective Lesson Implementation Effective Lesson Implementation Cooperative Learning Cooperative Learning Student Motivation Student Motivation Providing Students with Evaluative Feedback Providing Students with Evaluative Feedback Preparing Appropriate Evaluation Feedback Preparing Appropriate Evaluation Feedback Assigning Grades Assigning Grades Time on Task Time on Task Individualized Instruction Individualized Instruction Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Promoting Student Achievement Principles of Instruction Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Task Analysis Six Steps FORMULATE THE OBJECTIVE LIST THE ESSENTIAL LEARNINGS SEQUENCE MATCH THE BEHAVIOR TO LEARNING TURN THE LEARNING INTO DIAGNOSTIC QUESTION DEFINE THE LEARNING Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Goals and Objectives A. Goals: Instructional Intent B. Instructional Objective 1. Learning 2. Behavior 3. Conditions 4. Performance Level ESSENTIAL Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Elements of Instruction 1. Teach to an objective 2. Selecting objectives at correct level of difficulty (Task Analysis) 3. Monitoring and Adjusting 4. Principles of Learning A. Motivation B. Active Participation C. Closure D. Set E. Reinforcement F. Retention Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Learning Tasks INSTRUCTION STUDENT CHARACTERISTICS LEARNING OUTCOMES Cognitive Entry Behaviors Affective Entry Characteristics Quality Instruction Affective Outcome Rate of Learning Level and Type of Achievement Major Variables in the Theory of School Learning Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

The Role of the Principal in Restructuring Learning Grouping Grouping Class Size Class Size Retention Retention Learning Time Learning Time Student Evaluation Student Evaluation Instructional Modeling Instructional Modeling Instructional Support Instructional Support Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007