Previous Slide TRADOC DCSINT Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff for Intelligence U.S. Army Training and Doctrine Command TRADOC DCSINT

Previous Slide TRADOC DCSINT Opposing Force Operations FM OPFOR FM Opposing Force: Operations Chapter 9 Air Defense Support

Previous Slide TRADOC DCSINT All-Arms Air Defense Air defense considered a mission Combined arms & joint approach units –AD units –Aviation –SPF –Rockets & SSMs Adaptive tactics for AD & other units –Artillery & mortars –Infantry –Engineers –Affiliated forces

Previous Slide TRADOC DCSINT Air Defense Concepts Not purely defensive Destruction of high-visibility enemy systems important Enemy aircraft destruction not required Air defense creates window of opportunity for limited-objective offensive action Integral to combined arms combat All air defense weapons & equipment are part of integrated air defense system

Previous Slide TRADOC DCSINT

Previous Slide TRADOC DCSINT Air Defense Principles Surprise Firepower Mobility Continuity Initiative Coordination Security

Previous Slide TRADOC DCSINT

Previous Slide TRADOC DCSINT Command and Control Integrated air defense system (IADS) –National level – regional opns centrally directed –Sector level – used against extraregional force –Operational and tactical level – OSC directs AD employment for immediate subordinate units Centralization –Target detection efficiency –Long range SAMs –Mutual supporting AD units in defense Decentralization –Provides flexibility & shorter response time –Better for fast paced maneuver operations

Previous Slide TRADOC DCSINT

Previous Slide TRADOC DCSINT Command and Control (Continued) Airspace management –OSC lowest level controls Army & Air Force units –Chief of airspace operations (CAO) on OSC staff –Zones of responsibility minimize interference between fighter aircraft and ground AD weapons –Air defense control measures used to coordinate use of airspace by aviation and AD systems Command posts and communications –CAO at OSC main CP –Air Force, army aviation, & AD liaison teams –Air defense & NBC warning net established

Previous Slide TRADOC DCSINT

Previous Slide TRADOC DCSINT Air Defense Phases Phase I –Destroy enemy aircraft & control systems on the ground –Includes bases from enemy homeland to theater –Planning begins at national level by the General Staff –OPFOR units primarily not air defense Phase I –Destroy enemy aircraft & control systems on the ground –Includes bases from enemy homeland to theater –Planning begins at national level by the General Staff –OPFOR units primarily not air defense

Previous Slide TRADOC DCSINT Air Defense Phases (Continued) Phase II –Destroy enemy aircraft in flight prior to reaching OPFOR ground forces –Planning primarily at national and operational levels –SPF teams use shoulder-fired SAMs on flight routes –Primarily strategic- and operational-level AD use interceptor aircraft and long/medium range SAMs –Short range operational and tactical-level AD can be used in disruption zone Phase II –Destroy enemy aircraft in flight prior to reaching OPFOR ground forces –Planning primarily at national and operational levels –SPF teams use shoulder-fired SAMs on flight routes –Primarily strategic- and operational-level AD use interceptor aircraft and long/medium range SAMs –Short range operational and tactical-level AD can be used in disruption zone

Previous Slide TRADOC DCSINT Air Defense Phases (Continued) Phase III –Destroy enemy aircraft over OPFOR ground forces –Includes destruction of aircraft or diverting their efforts –Planning down to tactical level –OPFOR assets include tactical fighters –Primarily short/medium-range SAMS and AA guns of tactical AD units Phase III –Destroy enemy aircraft over OPFOR ground forces –Includes destruction of aircraft or diverting their efforts –Planning down to tactical level –OPFOR assets include tactical fighters –Primarily short/medium-range SAMS and AA guns of tactical AD units

Previous Slide TRADOC DCSINT National-Level Assets Efforts focus on –Destroying enemy aircraft –Protecting critical defensive positions –Protecting key political & economic sites Assets include –Air Force fighter-interceptor aircraft –Long-range rockets & missiles –SPF teams –Medium/long-range SAMs –Short-range AA guns –Early warning units

Previous Slide TRADOC DCSINT Operational-Level Assets Air defense assets based on specific OSC Assets include –Medium-range surface-to-air missiles –Short-range antiaircraft guns –Radars

Previous Slide TRADOC DCSINT Tactical-Level Assets Organic assets plus systems allocated by OSC Assets include –Short/medium-range SAMs –Short-range AA guns –Shoulder-fired SAMs –Adaptive use of other weapons

Previous Slide TRADOC DCSINT Nonlethal Air Defense Assets Deployed with SAM & AA gun systems Assets include –Air defense jammers –Corner reflectors –GPS jammers

Previous Slide TRADOC DCSINT Passive Air Defense Measures Camouflage, concealment, cover, and deception Maneuver and dispersal Other survivability measures –Signals security –Frequency spread –Frequency diversity –Multiple & interchangeable missile guidance systems –Mobility

Previous Slide TRADOC DCSINTReconnaissance Terrain reconnaissance –Identifies likely enemy avenues of approach –Determine optimum AD positions Air surveillance –Provides early warning of enemy aircraft –Develops target information –AD radars provide surveillance & fire control –Visual observation backs up radar surveillance

Previous Slide TRADOC DCSINT Missions and Employment National-level –Intent is continuous detection & engagement coverage –General air defense of the State –Fill gaps between operational-level commands –Rear of operational-level assets Operational-level –Augment tactical assets –Fill gaps between tactical-level units –General air defense of OSC AOR –Engage enemy away from tactical units and high value assets

Previous Slide TRADOC DCSINT

Previous Slide TRADOC DCSINT Missions and Employment (Continued) Tactical-level –Covers division/DTG AOR –Brigade/BTG provides point protection Air defense umbrella –AD assets from national through tactical level provide air defense umbrella –Radars provide unbroken detection –Umbrella moves to cover maneuver forces

Previous Slide TRADOC DCSINT Air Defense Coverage

Previous Slide TRADOC DCSINTOffense Deployment –Disruption zone Point air defense for ground ambush forces Air defense ambush teams Area coverage for overall disruption force –Battle zone Most AD forces Provide ground forces freedom to maneuver Helps create window of opportunity for attack –Support zone Some AD forces to permit admin/log functions Less mobile assets than disruption & battle zones Movement –AD coverage provided to moving units –AD batteries leap frog for coverage

Previous Slide TRADOC DCSINT

Previous Slide TRADOC DCSINTDefense Deployment –Disruption zone Area coverage to defend forces Point protection for fires Target enemy aerial reconnaissance –Battle zone Protects main defense force battle positions Conducts air defense ambushes Strong AD support to reserve forces –Support zone Protects key admin & log elements Relies on passive air defense measures

Previous Slide TRADOC DCSINT

Previous Slide TRADOC DCSINT Defense (Continued) Antilanding defense –Defense against enemy airborne & air assault –Air Force destroys transports –Operational- & tactical-level engage in their zones

Previous Slide TRADOC DCSINT Air Defense Ambushes & Roving Units Ambushes –Engage enemy from hidden/unexpected positions –Placement is unpredictable –Both short notice and long-range planning Roving units –Similar to ambush –Moves to most likely areas of enemy air attack

Previous Slide TRADOC DCSINT Air Defense Against Unmanned Aerial Vehicles OPFOR attacks subsystems –Air vehicle –Ground station –Launcher –Communication links Ground station destruction has more impact than air vehicle IADS and all-arms approach to attack

Previous Slide TRADOC DCSINT Air Defense Against Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (Continued) Active measures –Air defense radars –Sound-ranging systems –Reconnaissance locates ground stations & launchers for attack by various systems –Jamming data links Passive measures –Camouflage, concealment, cover, and deception –Maneuver and dispersal

Previous Slide TRADOC DCSINT Strategic Context Regional operations –Fully capable of defending against neighbors –Successful OPFOR counterair operations –Ground based systems defeat penetration Transition operations –First OPFOR actions against extraregional air –Access control –Forces repositioning for adaptive operations

Previous Slide TRADOC DCSINT Strategic Context (Continued) Adaptive operations –Attack enemy aircraft on the ground –Utilize TBMs, SPF, insurgents & terror groups –More reliant on passive systems –Augment AD with other arms

Previous Slide TRADOC DCSINT Air Defense Support Air Defense Support Summary All-arms air defense Air defense concepts & principles Command and control Air defense phases Assets Reconnaissance Missions and employment Offense and defense Air defense ambushes and roving units Defense against UAVs Strategic context