End Show Slide 1 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 2–3 Carbon Compounds

End Show 2–3 Carbon Compounds Slide 2 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall The Chemistry of Carbon Organic molecules contain C,H,O & are found in living things. Organic molecules form chains, branched chains & rings.

End Show 2–3 Carbon Compounds Slide 3 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Macromolecules The smaller units, or monomers, join together to form polymers.

End Show 2–3 Carbon Compounds Slide 4 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Macromolecules Monomers in a polymer may be identical, or the monomers may be different.

End Show 2–3 Carbon Compounds Slide 5 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Macromolecules Four groups of organic compounds found in living things are: carbohydrates lipids nucleic acids proteins

End Show 2–3 Carbon Compounds Slide 6 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Carbohydrates Contain C,H,& O with a H:O ratio of 2:1. Primary source of energy. Form ring structures. Names end in –ose.

End Show 2–3 Carbon Compounds Slide 7 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Carbohydrates Monosaccharides – single sugars: glucose, galactose and fructose. C 6 H 12 O 6 Disaccharides – double sugars: maltose, lactose, sucrose. Dehydration synthesis – removal of water to build larger molecules. Polysaccharides – Many sugars: starch, cellulose, glycogen.

End Show 2–3 Carbon Compounds Slide 8 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Carbohydrates Starches and sugars are examples of carbohydrates that are used by living things as a source of energy. Glucose Starch

End Show 2–3 Carbon Compounds Slide 9 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Lipids Lipids are not soluble in water. Contain C,H, & O but much less oxygen atoms. Examples: fats oils waxes steroids

End Show 2–3 Carbon Compounds Slide 10 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Lipids Lipids can be used to store energy. Some lipids are important parts of biological membranes.

End Show 2–3 Carbon Compounds Slide 11 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Lipids Glycerol + 3 fatty acids -  Lipid Saturated – max # of hydrogens. Unsaturated – one double bond. Polyunsaturated – many double bonds. Cholesterol – forms from saturated fatty acids

End Show 2–3 Carbon Compounds Slide 12 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Proteins Contain C,H,O, N & S. Functions: Cell structures, antibodies, hormones, pigments, contractile materials, enzymes. Names end in –ine.

End Show 2–3 Carbon Compounds Slide 13 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Proteins Amino acids are compounds with an amino group (-NH 2 ) on one end and a carboxyl group (-COOH) on the other end.

End Show 2–3 Carbon Compounds Slide 14 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Proteins The portion of each amino acid that is different is a side chain called an R-group.

End Show 2–3 Carbon Compounds Slide 15 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Proteins Amino acid chains fold into complex 3D shapes. Amino Acids Protein Molecule

End Show 2–3 Carbon Compounds Slide 16 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Proteins Proteins can have four levels of organization: 1.Amino acid sequence. 2.Single twist or fold. 3.Chains fold upon itself. 4.More than one chain.

End Show 2–3 Carbon Compounds Slide 17 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Nucleic Acids Contain C,H,O,N,& P Contain hereditary information. RNA and DNA.

End Show 2–3 Carbon Compounds Slide 18 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Nucleic Acids Nucleotides are the building block of DNA

End Show 2–3 Carbon Compounds Slide 19 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Nucleic Acids

End Show Slide 20 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 2–3 Large carbohydrate molecules such as starch are known as a.lipids. b.monosaccharides. c.proteins. d.polysaccharides.

End Show Slide 21 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 2–3 Many lipids are formed from glycerol and a.fatty acids. b.monosaccharides. c.amino acids. d.nucleic acids.

End Show Slide 22 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 2–3 Proteins are among the most diverse macromolecules because a.they contain both amino groups and carboxyl groups. b.they can twist and fold into many different and complex structures. c.they contain nitrogen as well as carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. d.their R groups can be either acidic or basic.

End Show Slide 23 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 2–3 Which of the following statements about cellulose is true? a.Animals make it and use it to store energy. b.Plants make it and use it to store energy. c.Animals make it and use it as part of the skeleton. d.Plants make it and use it to give structural support to cells.

End Show Slide 24 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 2–3 A major difference between polysaccharides and proteins is that a.plants make polysaccharides, while animals make proteins. b.proteins are made of monomers, while polysaccharides are not. c.polysaccharides are made of monosaccharides, while proteins are made of amino acids. d.proteins carry genetic information, while polysaccharides do not.