What are cells made of?

What are macromolecules? Macro= Macro+molecule= big Big molecule Macromolecules are essential molecules. *ESSENTIAL- adjective: absolutely necessary; extremely important

THINK! Organic….? What does this mean? They contain Carbon

What do macromolecules look like? Made up of smaller “building blocks” called monomers (mono=one) Kind of like bricks making a wall Kind of like beads on a chain

Macromolecules look more like this

Four Major Macromolecules: 1. Lipids 2. Carbohydrates 3. Proteins 4. Nucleic acid ( DNA & RNA) Each of the four type are essential for survival of living things What does that mean???

Food Labels Activity

MacromoleculeWhat is it made of? What are its building blocks? How do we get it? What is it used for? Examples of how it is used in body ProteinsAmino acidMeat, dairy, bean products that you eat enzymes- speed up rxns hormones- send messages thru body structural- hair, nails, skin Amylase, insulin, hair, nails, every part of your cells! Carbohydrates Monosaccharide s (glucose & other simple sugars) Simple carbs- fruit Complex carbs- pasta Short term energy use/storage Polysaccharide - Glycogen Starch Cellulose LipidsFatty acids and glycerol Unsaturated fats- room temp (oil) Saturated fats- room temp (steak fat) Long term energy storage Cholesterol, adipose tissue Nucleic AcidsnucleotidesEating any plant or animal that has DNA in it. Storing genetic information & Protein synthesis DNA, RNA

1. Lipids fats, oils, and waxes

Why do we need fat? Function: stores energy, insulation (padding), and protection

A lipid is a fat if it is solid at room temperature and an oil if it is a liquid at room temperature

Lipids Diverse group of organic compounds that are insoluble in water Includes animal fats, plant oils, steroids, phospholipids Made of fatty acids and glycerol

Fat Saturated All single bonds Solid at room temp Animal fats Unsaturated One or more double bonds between carbons Liquid at room temp “Vegetable” or plant oils

Useful functions of fat Energy storage More compact fuel reserve than carbo. Cushions vital organs in mammals Insulates against heat loss

Phospholipids Component of cell membranes (bilayer) 2 fatty acids & phosphate group Amphipathic behavior in water

Steroids Lipids w/ 4 fused carbon rings and various functional groups Cholesterol important as precurser to other steroids; and enhance membrane fluidity

2. Carbohydrate Glucose: the source of most of the cell’s energy Examples: sugars, starches, and cellulose The word “Saccharide” means “sugar” Definition: Sugar molecules (glucose)

What is this?

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Carbohydrates (sugars) Classified based on # of simple sugars C H O in 1:2:1 ratio Major nutrients for cells; ie glucose Produced by photosynthetic organisms Store energy in chemical bonds C skeletons raw materials for other organic compounds

Carbohydrates- disaccharides Disacch.Monomers Maltoseglu + glu Lactoseglu + galac Sucroseglu + fru

Carbohydrates: Polysaccharides 2 Important biological functions: Energy storage (starch, glycogen) Structural support (cellulose, chitin)

Storage Polysaccharides Starch = glucose polymer, for energy storage in plants Helical glucose polymer Most animals have enzymes to digest it Major sources in human diet are potatos and grains.

Storage Polysaccharides Glycogen = glucose polymer, for energy storage in animals Branched molec. Stored in muscle and liver of humans and other vertebrates

Structural Polysaccharides Cellulose = linear unbranched polymer Major structural component of plant cell walls Differs from starch in its monomer linkage Cannot be digested by most organisms

Structural Polysaccharides Chitin = structural polysacch.; a polymer of an amino sugar (nature’s plastic) Forms exoskeleton of Arthropods Found as cell walls in fungi

3. Proteins Definition: A macromolecule (organic-carbon compound) made of amino acids

Protein Function: provide structural support, to transport substances, and speed-up reactions

Proteins Complex polymers of amino acids Abundant: make up 50% or more of dry wt Varied functions in cell: structure (collagen, actin & myosin), metabolism (enzymes), transport (membrane proteins), signaling (hormones), movement, defense (antibodies)

Amino Acid Structure

4. Nucleic Acids Definition: DNA and RNA

Nucleic Acid Function: store and communicate genetic information

Nucleic Acids Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) Can replicate itself and be passed from one generation of cells to the next Genes are segments of DNA that code for protein Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) Functions as mediator between genotype and phenotype 3 functional forms carry out “protein synthesis”

Nucleic Acids DNA, the Genetic Code RNA the Trait Maker

Nucleotides: monomers of nucleic acids Pentose, a 5C sugar Nitrogen Base Phosphate

MacromoleculeWhat is it made of? What are its building blocks? How do we get it? What is it used for? Examples of how it is used in body ProteinsAmino acidMeat, dairy, bean products that you eat enzymes- speed up rxns hormones- send messages thru body structural- hair, nails, skin Amylase, insulin, hair, nails, every part of your cells! Carbohydrates Monosaccharide s (glucose & other simple sugars) Simple carbs- fruit Complex carbs- pasta Short term energy use/storage Polysaccharide - Glycogen Starch Cellulose LipidsFatty acids and glycerol Unsaturated fats- room temp (oil) Saturated fats- room temp (steak fat) Long term energy storage Cholesterol, adipose tissue Nucleic AcidsnucleotidesEating any plant or animal that has DNA in it. Storing genetic information & Protein synthesis DNA, RNA

4 Major Macromolecules Review – concept map of macromolecules