Biochemistry Identify the four basic macromolecules Nucleic Acids Proteins Carbohydrates Lipids

Biochemistry 2 How does each differ from the other ones? Proteins – nitrogen, composed of amino acids Carbohydrates – composed of a fixed ratio of C:H:O 1:2:1 ratio Lipids – mostly carbon and hydrogen Nucleic Acids – composed of nitrogen, composed of nucleotides

Biochemistry 3 Give an example of how each is used in the human body Carbohydrates – source of energy Lipids – energy and storage of energy Proteins – building blocks of muscle, enzymes Nucleic acids – DNA and RNA

Biochemistry 4 Define monomer Single unit Give an example of a monomer for each macromolecule Glucose (monosaccharide), amino acid, fatty acid, glycerol Define polymer Chain of monomers bound together Give two examples for carbohydrates and one for the other macromolecules Starch (polysacharide)– plants Glycogen (polysacharide) – animal starch Enzyme (polypeptide) Wax

Biochemistry 5 Describe the structure of glucose Identify the components of a fat Glycerol and fatty acid How do the two components differ? Identify the components of amino acids Amine group (NH2), carboxyl and side chain (R)

Biochemistry 6 Name the process by which polymers are formed Describe dehydration synthesis Name the process by which monomers are released from polymers Describe hydrolysis In which human systems does hydrolysis take place? Where does dehydration synthesis take place?

Biochemistry 7 Define the term catalyst Identify a catalyst in living cells What are enzymes composed of? Proteins List the structures of proteins and the importance of each structure Primary (amino acid order), Secondary (alpha helix or beta sheath – depends on order of a.a.), Tertiary (3D shape – depends on secondary and primary structure – usually active now), Quarternary (two or more tertiary proteins bind together – does not always happen – example: hemoglobin)

Biochemistry 8 How do enzymes work? Work on specific substrates (based on shape) Active site lowers activation energy of chemical reaction Identify 4 factors that may influence enzyme function Temperature, pH, Concentration of substrate, Concentration of enzyme

Biochemistry 9 An enzyme works best at 37 degrees C how will the rate of reaction be affected by raising it to 45 degrees C? Denature protein – loss of function What about if the optimum pH is 8 and it is placed in a pH of 4? Denature protein – loss of function

Cell Biology List and define the life functions Growth – increase in size or number of cells Synthesis – combine small units to make large units Reproduction – increase in offspring (not required for survival of individual but required for survival of species) Transport – movement of materials into and out of cells or around the body Nutrition – ability to create or consume food Excretion – removal of metabolic waste (CO2, water, salt) Regulation – ability to respond to changes in the environment (internal and external) Respiration – ability to release stored energy in food

Cell Biology 2 How do prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells differ? Eukaryotic have organelles Identify the organelles and state the function of each Nucleus – regulation Mitochondria – respiration Ribosome – synthesis Golgi Body – transport, synthesis Rough Endoplasmic reticulum - transport, synthesis (ribosomes present) Centrioles (animal cells) - reproduction

Cell Biology 3 How do plant and animal cells differ? Plants have a cell wall and chloroplasts Animals do not cell walls and have centrioles

Cell Biology 4 Describe the structure of the cell membrane Identify its function Name and describe three ways materials move through the cell membrane Diffusion – high to low concentration, no energy Facilitated diffusion – high to low using a protein channel, no energy Active transport – low to high using a pump, energy (ATP) needed

Cell Biology 5 List the order of the organization of an organism from simplest to most complex Cell Tissue Organ Organ System Organism

Cell Biology 6 OSMOSIS Movement of water from an area of high concentration of water to an area of low concentration of water (100% to 95% water) Types of