The Chemistry of Life

Is the basic unit of matterIs the basic unit of matter Is made up of the Proton, Neutron, and Electron Is made up of the Proton, Neutron, and Electron

An Atom consists of Neutral ElectronCloud

The atomic number of carbon is _______________.The atomic number of carbon is _______________. So carbon has ________ protons and electrons.So carbon has ________ protons and electrons. The protons and neutrons are found in the ______________.The protons and neutrons are found in the ______________. It’s the number of ____________ that determines which kind of atom it is.It’s the number of ____________ that determines which kind of atom it is.

Are pure substances that consist entirely of one type of atomAre pure substances that consist entirely of one type of atom More than 100 elements are knownMore than 100 elements are known Represented by a letter symbolRepresented by a letter symbol

Substances formed by the chemical combination of two or more elements.Substances formed by the chemical combination of two or more elements. What is NaCl?What is NaCl? How about H 2 0?How about H 2 0?

Ionic: When electrons are transferred from one atom to another.Ionic: When electrons are transferred from one atom to another. If an atom loses an electron it has a _________ charge.If an atom loses an electron it has a _________ charge. If an atom gains an electron it has a _________ charge.If an atom gains an electron it has a _________ charge.

Bonding of Sodium & Chlorine Atoms

Electrons are shared not transferredElectrons are shared not transferred Electrons travel in the orbitals of both atomsElectrons travel in the orbitals of both atoms Covalent bonds form moleculesCovalent bonds form molecules The molecule is the smallest unit of most compoundsThe molecule is the smallest unit of most compounds

The Water Molecule A water molecule is POLAR because there is an uneven distribution of electrons.

When there are oppositely charged ends in an atom

The Hydrogen Bond Negative and positive ends of molecules are attractedNegative and positive ends of molecules are attracted The bonds formed are HYDROGEN bondsThe bonds formed are HYDROGEN bonds Occur between water moleculesOccur between water molecules Weakest of all the bondsWeakest of all the bonds

pH scale measures the concentration of H+ ions in a solution

Ranges from 0-14 A At a pH of 7, the concentrations of H+ and OH- ions are equal

Solutions below 7 are acidic because they have more H+ ions than pure waterSolutions below 7 are acidic because they have more H+ ions than pure water

Solutions above 7 are called basic, because they have less H+ ions than pure water

Substances that prevent sharp sudden changes in pHSubstances that prevent sharp sudden changes in pH The body helps maintain homeostasis by using buffersThe body helps maintain homeostasis by using buffers Blood pH is

What’s so great about Carbon? It has 4 valence electrons…so it bonds with many other elements!It has 4 valence electrons…so it bonds with many other elements! It can also bond with itself, forming long chains and ringsIt can also bond with itself, forming long chains and rings

Hydrogen Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Phosphorus Sulfur

Monomers bond together to make a polymer Like a chain of molecules

Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic acids Proteins

Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are made up of C, H, and O, with a ratio of 1:2:1.

Carb Function? Main source of energy for all cellular activityMain source of energy for all cellular activity Provides structure for plants and animalsProvides structure for plants and animals Humans store extra sugar as glycogenHumans store extra sugar as glycogen

Single sugar moleculeSingle sugar molecule Smallest is glucoseSmallest is glucose Examples include:Examples include: –Glucose –Galactose –Fructose

LIPIDS Not soluble in H2O (hydrophobic)Not soluble in H2O (hydrophobic) Mostly carbon and hydrogenMostly carbon and hydrogen Include fats, oils, steroids, and waxesInclude fats, oils, steroids, and waxes

Lipid Function?

Form when a glycerol molecule combines with 3 fatty acidsForm when a glycerol molecule combines with 3 fatty acids Saturated (no carbon- carbon double bonds) fat is bad for you!Saturated (no carbon- carbon double bonds) fat is bad for you!

Nucleic Acids Contain hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorousContain hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorous Are polymers assembled from nucleotides.Are polymers assembled from nucleotides. Store and transmit genetic informationStore and transmit genetic information Include RNA & DNAInclude RNA & DNA

5-carbon sugar5-carbon sugar phosphate groupphosphate group nitrogenous basenitrogenous base

Proteins Proteins contain hydrogen, nitrogen, carbon, and oxygencontain hydrogen, nitrogen, carbon, and oxygen are polymers of amino acidsare polymers of amino acids are among the most diverse macromoleculesare among the most diverse macromolecules

Amino Acids are

Protein function? Control the rate of reactions and regulate cell processesControl the rate of reactions and regulate cell processes Form bone and muscleForm bone and muscle Transport substances into or out of cellsTransport substances into or out of cells Help to fight diseaseHelp to fight disease

Levels of organization 1st is sequence of amino acids in a protein chain 2nd is if the amino acids are twisted or folded 3rd is if the chain is folded

MonosaccharideMonosaccharide

Alcohol 3 Fatty Acids

Amino Acid

2.4 Chemical Reactions & Enzymes Chemical reactions change one set of chemicals into anotherChemical reactions change one set of chemicals into another Reactants ProductsReactants Products Chem rxns always involve bond changes!Chem rxns always involve bond changes!

Paper will only burn if lit with a match!

Are proteins that act as biological catalystsAre proteins that act as biological catalysts Speed up chemical reactionsSpeed up chemical reactions Lower activation energyLower activation energy Are very specific, only work with certain substratesAre very specific, only work with certain substrates

Regulate chemical pathways Make materials for cells Release energy Transfer information

Enzymes help make or break bonds

Enzymes provide a site where reactants can be brought together to reactEnzymes provide a site where reactants can be brought together to react This reduces the energy needed for the reactionThis reduces the energy needed for the reaction The reactants of enzyme- catalyzed reactions are known as substratesThe reactants of enzyme- catalyzed reactions are known as substrates ACTIV E SITE

Do enzymes require certain conditions?

At what temp. do you think enzymes in the human body work best????