Atoms and Bonds I. Atoms II. Bonds III. Biologically Important Molecules A. Water B. Carbohydrates C. Proteins

1. Structure monomer = amino acid

C. Proteins 1. Structure monomer = amino acid

C. Proteins 1. Structure monomer = amino acid polymer = polypeptide - chain amino acids long linked together by dehydration synthesis reactions

C. Proteins 1. Structure monomer = amino acid polymer = polypeptide - chain amino acids long linked together by dehydration synthesis reactions VARIABLE "letters" can make a very diverse "language" of words...

C. Proteins 1. Structure 2. Functions a. energy storage... but since they probably do other things, these are metabolized last... b. structure - after water, animals are mostly protein collagen, elastin, actin, myosin, etc... c. metabolic - enzymes d. transport - in the cell membrane - hemoglobin and other transport proteins e. immunity: antibodies are proteins

Atoms and Bonds I. Atoms II. Bonds III. Biologically Important Molecules A. Water B. Carbohydrates C. Proteins D. Lipids

1. Structure monomer = fatty acid

D. Lipids 1. Structure monomer = fatty acid Mammal, bird, reptile fats - saturated - solid at room temp Plants, fish - often unsaturated - liquid at room temp. Unsaturated fats can be 'hydrogenated' (peanut butter)

D. Lipids 1. Structure transfats associated with atherosclerosis

D. Lipids 1. Structure polymer = fat (triglyceride)

D. Lipids 1. Structure polymer = fat (triglyceride) phospholipid

D. Lipids 1. Structure 2. Function a. energy storage - long term - densely packed bonds b. Cell membranes c. insulation d. homones and cholesterol derivatives

Atoms and Bonds I. Atoms II. Bonds III. Biologically Important Molecules A. Water B. Carbohydrates C. Proteins D. Lipids E. Nucleic Acids

1. DNA and RNA Structure a. Monomer = nucleotide - sugar: Ribose in RNA Deoxyribose in DNA

E. Nucleic Acids 1. DNA and RNA Structure a. Monomer = nucleotide - sugar: : Ribose in RNA Deoxyribose in DNA - Phosphate group (PO4)

E. Nucleic Acids 1. DNA and RNA Structure a. Monomer = nucleotide - sugar: Ribose in RNA Deoxyribose in DNA - Phosphate group (PO4) - Nitrogenous Base DNA = (A, C, G, T) RNA = (A, C, G, U)

E. Nucleic Acids 1. DNA and RNA Structure a. Monomer = nucleotide

E. Nucleic Acids 1. DNA and RNA Structure 2. DNA and RNA Function a. Information Storage - these nucleic acids are recipes for proteins... the linear sequence of A, T, C, and G's in these molecules determines the linear sequence of amino acids that will be linked together to form a protein.

E. Nucleic Acids 1. DNA and RNA Structure 2. DNA and RNA Function a. Information Storage - these nucleic acids are recipes for proteins... the linear sequence of A, T, C, and G's in these molecules determines the linear sequence of amino acids that will be linked together to form a protein. b. Catalytic Action - some RNA molecules catalyze reactions; they act like proteinaceous enzymes.(Ribozymes)

E. Nucleic Acids 1. DNA and RNA Structure 2. DNA and RNA Function a. Information Storage - these nucleic acids are recipes for proteins... the linear sequence of A, T, C, and G's in these molecules determines the linear sequence of amino acids that will be linked together to form a protein. b. Catalytic Action - some RNA molecules catalyze reactions; they act like proteinaceous enzymes.(Ribozymes) c. Some RNA molecules bind to RNA or RNA and regulate the expression of these molecules, turning them off.

Cell Biology Robert Hooke, and his drawing of cells Van Leeuwenhoek and his microscope Schleiden and Schwann

Cell Biology I.Overview A. Types of Cells 1. Prokaryotic Cells (eubacteria and archaea) - no nucleus - no organelles - binary fission - small (0.2 – 2.0 um)

Cell Biology I.Overview A. Types of Cells 1. Prokaryotic Cells - biofilms Staphyloccocus aureus biofilm

Cell Biology I.Overview A. Types of Cells 1. Prokaryotic Cells 2. Eukaryotic Cells (protists, plants, fungi, animals) - nucleus - organelles - mitosis - larger ( um)

Cell Biology I.Overview A. Types of Cells 1. Prokaryotic Cells 2. Eukaryotic Cells B. How Cells Live - take stuff in

Cell Biology I.Overview A. Types of Cells 1. Prokaryotic Cells 2. Eukaryotic Cells B. How Cells Live - take stuff in - break it down and harvest energy (enzymes needed) ADP +PATP mitochondria

Cell Biology I.Overview A. Types of Cells 1. Prokaryotic Cells 2. Eukaryotic Cells B. How Cells Live - take stuff in - break it down and harvest energy (enzymes needed) and - transform radiant energy to chemical energy ADP +PATP mitochondria ADP +PATP chloroplast

Cell Biology I.Overview A. Types of Cells 1. Prokaryotic Cells 2. Eukaryotic Cells B. How Cells Live - take stuff in - break it down and harvest energy (enzymes needed) - use energy to make stuff (like enzymes and other proteins, and lipids, polysaccharides, and nucleic acids) - DNA determines sequence of amino acids in enzymes and other proteins ADP +PATP ribosome

ADP +PATP ribosome

Cell Biology I.Overview II. Membranes – How Things Get in and Out of Cells A. Membrane Structure 1. phospholipids

Cell Biology I.Overview II. Membranes – How Things Get in and Out of Cells A. Membrane Structure 2. proteins and carbohydrates

Cell Biology I.Overview II. Membranes – How Things Get in and Out of Cells A. Membrane Structure B. Membrane Function 1. semi-permeable barrier Aqueous Solution (inside cell) dissolved ions dissolved polar molecules suspended non-polar (lipid soluble) Aqueous Solution (outside cell) dissolved ions dissolved polar molecules suspended non-polar (lipid soluble)

Cell Biology I.Overview II. Membranes – How Things Get in and Out of Cells A. Membrane Structure B. Membrane Function 1. semi-permeable barrier 2. transport Net diffusion equilibrium

Cell Biology I.Overview II. Membranes – How Things Get in and Out of Cells A. Membrane Structure B. Membrane Function 1. semi-permeable barrier 2. transport - diffusion Net diffusion equilibrium Net diffusion Equilibrium Net diffusion Equilibrium

Cell Biology I.Overview II. Membranes – How Things Get in and Out of Cells A. Membrane Structure B. Membrane Function 1. semi-permeable barrier 2. transport - osmosis

Cell Biology I.Overview II. Membranes – How Things Get in and Out of Cells A. Membrane Structure B. Membrane Function 1. semi-permeable barrier 2. transport – facilitated diffusion

Cell Biology I.Overview II. Membranes – How Things Get in and Out of Cells A. Membrane Structure B. Membrane Function 1. semi-permeable barrier 2. transport – active transport

Cytoplasmic Na + bonds to the sodium-potassium pump Na + binding stimulates phosphorylation by ATP. Phosphorylation causes the protein to change its conformation, expelling Na + to the outside. Extracellular K + binds to the protein, triggering release of the phosphate group. Loss of the phosphate restores the protein’s original conformation. K + is released and Na + sites are receptive again; the cycle repeats.

Cell Biology I.Overview II. Membranes – How Things Get in and Out of Cells A. Membrane Structure B. Membrane Function 1. semi-permeable barrier 2. transport 3. metabolism (enzymes nested in membrane) 4. signal transduction

Cell Biology I.Overview II. Membranes – How Things Get in and Out of Cells A. Membrane Structure B. Membrane Function 1. semi-permeable barrier 2. transport 3. metabolism (enzymes nested in membrane) 4. signal transduction 5. cell-cell binding 6. cell recognition 7. cytoskeleton attachment

Cellular Respiration

CATABOLISM “ENTROPY” ENERGY FOR: ANABOLISMWORK Chemical Potential Energy

Energy+ + Coupled Reaction

Energy+ + ATPADP + P + Energy Coupled Reaction

VII. Cellular Respiration Overview:

MATTER and ENERGY in FOOD MONOMERS and WASTE DIGESTION AND CELLULAR RESPIRATION ADP + PATP

VII. Cellular Respiration Overview: Focus on core process… Glucose metabolism GLYCOLYSIS

VII. Cellular Respiration Overview: Focus on core process… Glucose metabolism GLYCOLYSIS Oxygen Present?Oxygen Absent? Aerobic Resp.Anaerobic Resp.

VII. Cellular Respiration Overview: Focus on core process… Glucose metabolism GLYCOLYSIS Oxygen Present?Oxygen Absent? Fermentation A little ATP

VII. Cellular Respiration Overview: Focus on core process… Glucose metabolism GLYCOLYSIS Oxygen Present?Oxygen Absent? Fermentation A little ATP Gateway CAC ETC LOTS OF ATP

VII. Cellular Respiration Overview: 1. Glycolysis: - Occurs in presence OR absence of oxygen gas. - All cells do this! (very primitive pathway) - Occurs in the cytoplasm of all cells

VII. Cellular Respiration Overview: 1. Glycolysis: C 6 H 12 O 6 2 C 3 and energy released some of the energy is trapped in weak bonds between ADP + P…. Making ATP. Some is trapped in bonds made between NAD + H…. Making NADH

VII. Cellular Respiration Overview: 1.Glycolysis 2.Aerobic Respiration

VII. Cellular Respiration Overview: 1.Glycolysis 2.Anaerobic Respiration 3.Aerobic Respiration - Had Glycolysis: C 6 (glucose) 2C 3 (pyruvate) + ATP, NADH a - Gateway step: 2C 3 2C 2 (acetyl) + 2C (CO 2 ) + NADH b - Citric Acid Cycle: 2C 2 (acetyl) 4C (CO 2 ) + NADH, FADH, ATP c - Electron Transport Chain: convert energy in NADH, FADH to ATP

LE 9-10 Pyruvate NAD + Transport protein NADH + H + Coenzyme ACO 2 Acetyl Co A energy harvested as NADH Gateway step: 2C 3 2C 2 (acetyl) + 2C (CO 2 ) + NADH The C 3 molecules produced in the cytoplasm cross into the mitochondria, and one C is broken off (as CO 2 ), and the energy released from breaking this bond is trapped in NAD + H  NADH.

VII. Cellular Respiration Overview: 1.Glycolysis 2.Anaerobic Respiration 3.Aerobic Respiration - Had Glycolysis: C 6 (glucose) 2C 3 (pyruvate) + ATP, NADH a - Gateway step: 2C 3 2C 2 (acetyl) + 2C (CO 2 ) + NADH b - Citric Acid Cycle: 2C 2 (acetyl) 4C (CO 2 ) + NADH, FADH, ATP c - Electron Transport Chain: convert energy in NADH, FADH to ATP

b - Citric Acid Cycle: 2C 2 (acetyl) 4C (CO 2 ) + NADH, FADH, ATP 1. C 2 (acetyl) binds to C 4 (oxaloacetate), making a C 6 molecule (citrate)

b - Citric Acid Cycle: 2C 2 (acetyl) 4C (CO 2 ) + NADH, FADH, ATP 1.C 2 (acetyl) binds to C 4 (oxaloacetate), making a C 6 molecule (citrate) 2.One C is broken off (CO 2 ) and NAD accepts energy (NADH)

b - Citric Acid Cycle: 2C 2 (acetyl) 4C (CO 2 ) + NADH, FADH, ATP 1.C 2 (acetyl) binds to C 4 (oxaloacetate), making a C 6 molecule (citrate) 2.One C is broken off (CO 2 ) and NAD accepts energy (NADH) 3.The second C is broken off (CO 2 ) and NAD accepts the energy…at this point the acetyl group has been split!!

b - Citric Acid Cycle: 2C 2 (acetyl) 4C (CO 2 ) + NADH, FADH, ATP 1.C 2 (acetyl) binds to C 4 (oxaloacetate), making a C 6 molecule (citrate) 2.One C is broken off (CO 2 ) and NAD accepts energy (NADH) 3.The second C is broken off (CO 2 ) and NAD accepts the energy…at this point the acetyl group has been split!! 4.The C4 molecules is rearranged, regenerating the oxaloacetate; releasing energy that is stored in ATP, FADH, and NADH.

b - Citric Acid Cycle: 2C 2 (acetyl) 4C (CO 2 ) + NADH, FADH, ATP 1.C 2 (acetyl) binds to C 4 (oxaloacetate), making a C 6 molecule (citrate) 2.One C is broken off (CO 2 ) and NAD accepts energy (NADH) 3.The second C is broken off (CO 2 ) and NAD accepts the energy…at this point the acetyl group has been split!! 4.The C4 molecules is rearranged, regenerating the oxaloacetate; releasing energy that is stored in ATP, FADH, and NADH. 5.In summary, the C 2 acetyl is split and the energy released is trapped in ATP, FADH, and 3 NADH. (this occurs for EACH of the 2 pyruvates from the initial glucose).

VII. Cellular Respiration Overview: 1.Glycolysis 2.Anaerobic Respiration 3.Aerobic Respiration a - Glycolysis: C 6 (glucose) 2C 3 (pyruvate) + ATP, NADH b - Gateway step: 2C 3 2C 2 (acetyl) + 2C (CO 2 ) + NADH c - Citric Acid Cycle: 2C 2 (acetyl) 4C (CO 2 ) + NADH, FADH, ATP d - Electron Transport Chain: convert energy in NADH, FADH to ATP

LE 9-13 ATP Glycolysis Oxidative phosphorylation: electron transport and chemiosmosis Citric acid cycle NADH 50 FADH 2 40 FMN FeS I FAD FeS II III Q FeS Cyt b Cyt c Cyt c 1 Cyt a Cyt a 3 IV 10 0 Multiprotein complexes Free energy (G) relative to O2 (kcal/mol) H2OH2O O2O2 2 H / 2 electron ADP + P ATP RELEASES ENERGY STORES ENERGY

LE 9-13 ATP Glycolysis Oxidative phosphorylation: electron transport and chemiosmosis Citric acid cycle NADH 50 FADH 2 40 FMN FeS I FAD FeS II III Q FeS Cyt b Cyt c Cyt c 1 Cyt a Cyt a 3 IV 10 0 Multiprotein complexes Free energy (G) relative to O2 (kcal/mol) H2OH2O O2O2 2 H / 2 electron ADP + P ATP RELEASES ENERGY STORES ENERGY HEY!!! Here’s the first time O 2 shows up!!! It is the final electron acceptor, and water is produced as a waste product! NADH gives up the high-energy electron (and the H+ ion) to the proteins in the mitochondrial membrane. as the electron is passed down the chain, energy is released that is trapped by adding P to ADP, making ATP. Oxygen gas splits, and each oxygen atom accepts two electrons, and two H+ ions to balance its charge, producing water as a waste product.

VII. Cellular Respiration Overview: 1.Glycolysis 2.Anaerobic Respiration 3.Aerobic Respiration d - Electron Transport Chain: convert energy in NADH, FADH to ATP - OXYGEN is just an electron ACCEPTOR - WATER is produced as a metabolic waste - All carbons in glucose have been separated, and are expelled as the waste gas, CO 2. - Energy has been harvested and stored in bonds in ATP. AND SO THIS IS HOW THE ENERGY IN YOUR FOOD IS HARVESTED BY EACH CELL IN YOUR BODY, AND EACH CELL IN MOST OTHER LIVING THINGS. CARBON DIOXIDE IS THE WASTE PRODUCT FROM FOOD DIGESTION AT A CELLULAR LEVEL, AND THE OXYGEN YOU BREATHE IN IS CONVERTED TO WATER.

FOODCO2, water, and waste ADP + PATP ANABOLISM WORK

Phosphorylation of myosin causes it to toggle and bond to actin; release of phosphate causes it to return to low energy state and pull actin…contraction.

FOODCO2, water, and waste ADP + PATP ANABOLISM WORK