When the Going Gets Tough: Parental Depression as Both Response and Predictor of Adolescent Externalizing Behavior Over 3 Years Joseph P. Allen Jill Antonishak.

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When the Going Gets Tough: Parental Depression as Both Response and Predictor of Adolescent Externalizing Behavior Over 3 Years Joseph P. Allen Jill Antonishak Nell Manning University of Virginia Collaborators: Maryfrances Porter, Ph.D. Penny Marsh Kathleen McElhaney, Ph.D. F. Christy McFarland Jessica Meyer Farah Williams Debbie Land, Ph.D. Katie Little Jennifer Haynes Martin Ho Mindy Schmidt, Ph.D. Glenda Insabella, Ph.D. Wrenn Thompson Joanna Chango Copies of this and related papers are available at:

Maternal Depression and Offspring Antisocial Behavior (ASB) Depressed Mothers Often Have Antisocial Children Depressed Mothers Often Have Antisocial Children Maternal Depression as a Risk Factor for ASB Maternal Depression as a Risk Factor for ASB Even when maternal depression is assessed prenatally Even when maternal depression is assessed prenatally A form of parental “backing down”? A form of parental “backing down”? Less Clear How Process Plays Out In Adolescence Less Clear How Process Plays Out In Adolescence

Questions About Maternal Depression and Antisocial Behavior in Adolescence A Simple Effect of Maternal Reporting Bias? A Simple Effect of Maternal Reporting Bias? Do Depressed Mothers (mis) perceive their children as less well-behaved? Do Depressed Mothers (mis) perceive their children as less well-behaved? Does maternal depression predict future increases in teen misbehavior? Does maternal depression predict future increases in teen misbehavior? Could maternal depression be a reaction to teen misbehavior? Could maternal depression be a reaction to teen misbehavior?

Sample 184 Adolescents, their Parents, Best Friends, and Other Friends 184 Adolescents, their Parents, Best Friends, and Other Friends Equal numbers of Males and Females Equal numbers of Males and Females Assessed Annually, Beginning at Age 13 Assessed Annually, Beginning at Age 13 Highly Socio-economically Diverse (Median Family Income= $40- $60K) Highly Socio-economically Diverse (Median Family Income= $40- $60K) 31% African American; 69% European American 31% African American; 69% European American Intensive Interviews and Observations with all parties (Parents, teens, best friends, other friends) (Total N over first 6 years ~ 1200). Intensive Interviews and Observations with all parties (Parents, teens, best friends, other friends) (Total N over first 6 years ~ 1200).

Measures: Maternal Depression Beck Depression Inventory (Beck et al., 1993) Beck Depression Inventory (Beck et al., 1993) Maternal self-report Maternal self-report 21-items assessing symptoms such as: 21-items assessing symptoms such as: guilt guilt depressed mood depressed mood suicidal thoughts suicidal thoughts insomnia insomnia Continuum/severity approach Continuum/severity approach

Measures: Externalizing Behavior Obtained from Multiple reporters via multiple measures: Obtained from Multiple reporters via multiple measures: Child Behavior Checklist (Achenbach & Edelbrock, 1981) Child Behavior Checklist (Achenbach & Edelbrock, 1981) Short-form of CBCL for teens (Lizotte, Chard-Wierschem, Loeber, & Stern, 1992) Short-form of CBCL for teens (Lizotte, Chard-Wierschem, Loeber, & Stern, 1992) Youth Self Report (Achenbach, 1991) Youth Self Report (Achenbach, 1991) Assessing symptoms of externalizing behavior including: aggression, hostility, delinquency, hyperactivity and immaturity Assessing symptoms of externalizing behavior including: aggression, hostility, delinquency, hyperactivity and immaturity Reporters include: Reporters include: Mothers Mothers Fathers Fathers Youths Youths Close and Other Friends Close and Other Friends

Questions About Maternal Depression and Antisocial Behavior in Adolescence Does the link just reflect maternal bias? Does the link just reflect maternal bias? Does maternal depression predict increasing teen misbehavior over a 3-year span? Does maternal depression predict increasing teen misbehavior over a 3-year span? Could maternal depression be a reaction to teen misbehavior? Could maternal depression be a reaction to teen misbehavior?

Do Depressed Mothers See Externalizing Behavior That Others Don’t See? Teen Externalizing (Maternal Report) EntryFinal R2R2R2R2 Total R 2 Externalizing (Teen Report).31**.31**.09**.09** Modest correlation between maternal and teen report of teen externalizing behavior

Do Depressed Mothers See Externalizing Behavior That Others Don’t See? Teen Externalizing (Maternal Report) EntryFinal R2R2R2R2 Total R 2 Externalizing (Teen Report).31**.26**.09**.09** Maternal Depression (BDI).47***.47***.22***.31*** Maternal Depression Accounts for a great deal of the misbehavior that mothers see but teens do not.

Do Depressed Mothers See Externalizing Behavior That Others Don’t See? Teen Externalizing (Maternal Report) EntryFinal R2R2R2R2 Total R 2 Externalizing (Teen Report).31**.16*.09**.09** Maternal Depression (BDI).47***.41***.22***.31*** Externalizing (Paternal Report).54***.54***.28***.59*** Some of the misbehavior seen by depressed mothers turns out to be seen by fathers as well

Do Depressed Mothers See Externalizing Behavior That Others Don’t See? Teen Externalizing (Maternal Report) EntryFinal R2R2R2R2 Total R 2 Externalizing (Teen Report).31** **.09** Maternal Depression (BDI).47***.31***.22***.31*** Externalizing (Paternal Report).54***.51***.28***.59*** Externalizing (Close Frnd Report) *** Externalizing (Other Frnd Report).27***.27***.06***.65*** The role of maternal depression in explaining what mothers see decreases still further when we also consider what peers see.

Depressed Mothers May Not Be Biased, They May Be Realists If we compare mothers to any other single reporter, If we compare mothers to any other single reporter, they appear to see misbehavior that others don’t see. But… But… as we consider multiple vantage points on teen misbehavior, maternal perceptions appear to reflect what others collectively do see

Questions About Maternal Depression and Antisocial Behavior in Adolescence Does the link just reflect maternal bias? Does the link just reflect maternal bias? Does maternal depression predict increasing teen misbehavior over a 4-year span? Does maternal depression predict increasing teen misbehavior over a 4-year span? Could maternal depression be a reaction to teen misbehavior? Could maternal depression be a reaction to teen misbehavior?

Does Maternal Depression Predict Future Increases in Teen Externalizing Behavior? Teen Externalizing (Age 16) (Paternal Report)  R2R2R2R2 Total R 2 Step I. Teen Externalizing Teen Externalizing (Paternal report) Age 13 (Paternal report) Age 13.52**.27***.27*** Teen Externalizing Behavior Displays Moderate Stability

Does Maternal Depression Predict Future Increases in Teen Externalizing Behavior? Teen Externalizing (Age 16) (Paternal Report)  R2R2R2R2 Total R 2 Step I. Teen Externalizing Teen Externalizing (Paternal report) Age 13 (Paternal report) Age 13.52**.27***.27*** Step II. Maternal Depression (BDI) Maternal Depression (BDI) (Teen Age 13) (Teen Age 13).35***.13***.40*** Maternal Depression Predicts Increasing Teen Externalizing Behavior

Does Maternal Depression Predict Future Increases in Teen Externalizing Behavior? Teen Externalizing (Age 16) (Maternal Report)  R2R2R2R2 Total R 2 Step I. Teen Externalizing Teen Externalizing (Maternal report) Age 13 (Maternal report) Age 13.66***.43***.43*** Step II. Maternal Depression (BDI) Maternal Depression (BDI) (Teen Age 13) (Teen Age 13).16*.03*.46*** Increases are Predicted Whether We Examine Paternal or Maternal Reports of Teen Problem Behavior

Maternal Depression as a Mediator of Change in Teen Externalizing Behavior Teen Externalizing Maternal Depression Teen Externalizing Age 13Age 16.51***.31**

Maternal Depression as a Mediator of Change in Teen Externalizing Behavior Teen Externalizing Maternal Depression Teen Externalizing ?? Age 13Age 16.51***.31** ? ?

Maternal Depression as a Mediator of Change in Teen Externalizing Behavior Teen Externalizing Maternal Depression Teen Externalizing Maternal Depression Age 13Age 16.51***.12.66***.28*

Maternal Depression and Teen Externalizing Behavior Teen Externalizing Maternal Depression Teen Externalizing Maternal Depression Age 13Age 16.51***.66***.28* ??

Questions About Maternal Depression and Antisocial Behavior in Adolescence Does the link just reflect maternal bias? Does the link just reflect maternal bias? Does maternal depression predict increasing teen misbehavior over a 4-year span? Does maternal depression predict increasing teen misbehavior over a 4-year span? Could maternal depression be a reaction to teen misbehavior? Could maternal depression be a reaction to teen misbehavior?

Teen Externalizing Behavior Predicting Change in Maternal Depression (Ages 13 to 16) Maternal Depression (Teen Age 16) EntryFinal R2R2R2R2 Total R 2 Step I. Maternal Depression Maternal Depression (Teen Age 13) (Teen Age 13).73***.52***.44***.44*** Maternal Depressive Symptoms are Highly Stable

Teen Externalizing Behavior Predicting Change in Maternal Depression (Ages 13 to 16) Maternal Depression (Teen Age 16) EntryFinal R2R2R2R2 Total R 2 Step I. Maternal Depression Maternal Depression (Teen Age 13) (Teen Age 13).73***.52***.44***.44*** Step II. Teen Externalizing (13) Teen Externalizing (13).16*.18**.02*.46*** Teen Externalizing Behavior Adds to Maternal Depression Over Time

Teen Externalizing Behavior Predicting Change in Maternal Depression (Ages 13 to 16) Maternal Depression (Teen Age 16) EntryFinal R2R2R2R2 Total R 2 Step I. Maternal Depression Maternal Depression (Teen Age 13) (Teen Age 13).73***.52***.44***.44*** Step II. Teen Externalizing (13) Teen Externalizing (13).16*.18**.02*.46*** Step III. Depression X Externalizing Depression X Externalizing.23***.23***.05***.51*** Externalizing Behavior Interacts with Baseline Maternal Depression to Predict Future Maternal Depression.

Low Teen Externalizing High Teen Externalizing Low Maternal Depression at Baseline Interaction of Baseline Maternal Depression & Teen Externalizing Predicting Future Maternal Depression

Low Teen Externalizing High Teen Externalizing High Maternal Depression at Baseline Low Maternal Depression at Baseline Interaction of Baseline Maternal Depression & Teen Externalizing Predicting Future Maternal Depression Initially Depressed Mothers Appear Particularly Vulnerable to Teen Externalizing Behavior

Summary A self-sustaining negative feedback loop? A self-sustaining negative feedback loop? Maternal Depression  Increasing Teen Problem Behavior Maternal Depression  Increasing Teen Problem Behavior Teen Problem Behavior  Increasing Maternal Depression Teen Problem Behavior  Increasing Maternal Depression Especially for the most depressed/vulnerable mothers Especially for the most depressed/vulnerable mothers Dominance/Submissiveness Processes in Depression Dominance/Submissiveness Processes in Depression Becoming embedded within family interaction patterns over time Becoming embedded within family interaction patterns over time

Limitations Non-experimental Nature of Data Non-experimental Nature of Data Normal sample may not generalize to highly disturbed samples Normal sample may not generalize to highly disturbed samples Role of fathers still to be examined Role of fathers still to be examined

Conclusions Evidence of an Unfortunate Feedback Loop Evidence of an Unfortunate Feedback Loop Its About Not Just How Parents Behave, But Why Its About Not Just How Parents Behave, But Why Need for Intervention to Alter Family Systems, Not Just Individuals Need for Intervention to Alter Family Systems, Not Just Individuals This study was made possible by grants from the National Institute of Mental Health. Copies of this and related papers are available at: