Seminar in IPM Theory and Practice (ENY 6934) Norm Leppla University of Florida, IFAS

Introduction to Integrated Pest Management (IPM) History of IPM What is IPM? IPM practices and applications Pest outbreaks and growers reaction IPM education, training and credentials Access to IPM information Future of IPM in Florida and elsewhere

DDT introduced in 1939, resistance 1947 DDT introduced in 1939, resistance 1947 Pesticide use grows 1940s and 1950s Pesticide use grows 1940s and 1950s Thousands of pesticides registered (~$40 billion worldwide by 2007) Thousands of pesticides registered (~$40 billion worldwide by 2007) The “Magic bullet“ mindset established The “Magic bullet“ mindset established Integrated Control Concept: Stern, Smith, van den Bosch, and Hagen (1959) Integrated Control Concept: Stern, Smith, van den Bosch, and Hagen (1959) Rachael Carson, Silent Spring (1962) Rachael Carson, Silent Spring (1962) Synthetic Pesticide Proliferation and Concerns

Nixon Administration Government’s Reaction Nixon Administration National Environmental Policy Act (CEQ) EPA established FIFRA extensively amended (first passed in 1947) EPA cancels most uses of DDT The "Huffaker Project" $12.5 million (NSF, USDA, EPA)

Ford 1974, Carter 1977, Reagan 1981, Bush Government’s Action Ford 1974, Carter 1977, Reagan 1981, Bush CES Extension IPM, every state $0.5-$1.5 m “Adkisson Project” $3.5 million Biocontrol Centennial NBCI, ANBP, IBMA, etc National Organic Production Act First National IPM Forum

Government’s Action Clinton Administration NAS, Pesticides in the Diets of Infants and Children; IPM Initiative, IPM in 75% of nation's crops by 2000; Pesticide reduction- DOD, GSA, USFS, NPS NAS, Ecologically Based Pest Management, New Solutions for a New Century; FQPA Act CSREES Regional IPM Centers, RIPM (GAO) G. W. Bush presidency relaxed regulation B. H. Obama presidency, reduce USDA, ARS; reorganize NIFA.

National Road Map for Integrated Pest Management (USDA, Office of Pest Management Policy) May 17, What is IPM? Integrated Pest Management, or IPM, is a long- standing, science-based, decision-making process that identifies and reduces risks from pests and pest management related strategies..

What is IPM?   IPM is the coordinated use of pest and environmental information and available pest control methods…   to prevent unacceptable levels of pest damage by the most economical means...   with the least possible hazard to people, property and the environment.

Pest outbreaks & disease epidemics Environmental contamination Human health hazards Pest mgmt. costs Reduce risk… IPM System INCREASE… Reliability Sustainability Cultural Methods Biological Control Chem

IPM Practices

Where is IPM practiced?

7 th International IPM Symposium  Sustainable and organic agriculture  Food security, safety and quality  Community and school IPM  Environmental, conservation  Federal and state regulatory activities  Public health, renewable energy, etc. Due to its tremendous success and acceptance, IPM is in:

What Causes Pest Outbreaks?  Alien invasive species  Disrupted environments  Pesticide resistance  Local invasions  Perceptions  Others causes?

Grower’s Reaction to Outbreaks

Resistant Crop Competitors Natural enemies Resistant varieties Vulnerable Crop Alien Invasive Pest Integrated pest management program: Cultural practices Scouting, Identification of pests and NE Conservation of natural enemies Augmentation of natural enemies Reduced-risk insecticides Resistance management Pesticide program: Application methods Resistance management New pesticides Reaction to a New Pest

 Biological knowledge  Monitoring and inspection  Act to control pests when necessary  Choose least-risk options  Long-term, preventative practices  Evaluation and records  Pesticide management  Continual improvement Generic IPM Program

IPM Education and Training Prevent pest outbreaks through habitat manipulation and other cultural practices Gain experience with pest habitats, e.g., crops or buildings Know the life cycles of the host plants, pests and beneficial organisms Understand the ecology and adaptability of the organisms Pest Prevention and Detection

IPM Education and Training Utilize scouting and other monitoring techniques Accurately identify key pest and beneficial organisms Apply damage, economic and other action thresholds Design systems of mitigation that minimize environmental impacts Pest Identification and Management

IPM Education and Training Practice safe and appropriate use of pesticides and other IPM tactics Know current laws and regulations pertinent to pest management Be able to rapidly access pest management information Be involved in pest management and related organizations General Knowledge and Professionalism

IPM Capabilities Education & experience. An inter-disciplinary education in the traditional scientific disciplines plus hands-on, practical experience is essential. Synthesis & integration. Education and training prepare pest managers to synthesize knowledge from across disciplines and integrate pest management within entire production systems.

IPM Capabilities Problem solving & critical thinking. Experience is gained in accurately diagnosing and rapidly solving plant health problems while minimizing environmental impacts and economic losses. Speaking & writing effectively. Superior communication skills, both written and verbal, are required to effectively communicate IPM principles and practices.

IPM Education, Training and Credentials University of Florida ( B.S., M.S. (thesis or not-thesis), Ph.D. degrees in Entomology or Nematology Distance M.S. degree with a specialization in Entomology or Pest Management, or a Certificate in Urban Pest Management, Landscape Pest Management, or Pest Control Technology Doctor of Plant Medicine (non-thesis, interdisciplinary)

University of Nebraska- Doctor of Plant Health University M.S. programs IPM 3 distance education program (U. Minnesota) Entomological Society of America- BCE, ACE American Society of Agronomy- Certified Crop Advisor (CCA), Certified Professional Agronomist (CP-Ag), Certified Professional Plant Pathologist National Alliance of Independent Crop Consultants- Crop Certification State CCA, e.g., California IPM Education, Training and Credentials

Habitat-specific integrated pest management guides, fact sheets, EDIS articles, Featured Creatures, etc. Links to specialized websites with pest management information specific to a crop or situation. Key contacts for expert advice on managing pests. Additional resources for pest identification and management, e.g., diagnostic services. Direct Access to IPM Information

Electronic Data Information Source (EDIS) The EDIS website is a comprehensive, single-source repository of all current UF/IFAS numbered peer-reviewed publications (about 7,500).

Agriculture Community Development Environment Families & Consumers 4H Youth development Lawn & Garden Aquaculture Crops Livestock Nursery & GH Organic farming Agricultural safety Small farms Turf & sod Electronic Data Information Source (EDIS)

Extension Guides

or or Featured Creatures provides in-depth profiles of insects, nematodes, arachnids and other organisms. The site is a cooperative venture of the University of Florida's Department of Entomology and Nematology and the Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services' Division of Plant Industry. All articles are official publications of the University of Florida's Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences.Department of Entomology and NematologyDivision of Plant Industry Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences

Opportunities for Sustainable Food Crop Production  Research innovations  Technology implementation  Rapid information exchange  Education and training  Biosecurity and trade  Food safety- supply chain  Environmental stewardship

Major Florida CropsApprox. AcIPM ProgramsLead IFAS FacultyIPM Asst. Blueberry10,134XLiburd Citrus (orchards)576,577XRogers, StanslyX Cotton80,053X? Corn (grain)33,915?Nuessly Corn (silage)27,005?Nuessly Corn (sweet)29,000?, PMSPNuessly Grape300?LiburdX Melons25,000?, PMSPWebb Organic5,974XSwisher Ornamental (woody)35,000X, PMSPBuss, MizellX Ornamental (GH & SH)40,000?Osborne, Mannion, ArthursX Pasture (forage)354,860??X Pasture (hay)327,547?? Pecan8,652?Mizell Peppers (Field)6,100XFunderburk, StanslyX Peanut118,637?? Potato27,200?, PMSP? Rice11,376?? Snap bean12,400?? Soybean12,066?? Strawberry7,500X, PMSPLiburd, PriceX Sugarcane378,587?Cherry Tomato (Field)35,000XFunderburk, StanslyX Tropical fruit10,000?, PMSPPena Turf (Sod)100,000?BussX Vegetables224,837X (PMSP)Stansly, WebbX Vegetables (GH)100X (some)Osborne IPM for Florida Cr ops

IPM Florida provides statewide, interdisciplinary and inter-unit coordination and assistance for UF/IFAS integrated pest management research Extension and education faculty