Growth of Modern Europe Creating Western Culture in the Middle Ages

Economic Changes Increased Food Supply=Increased Population ___________________________ Grow wheat in winter, peas, beans, and lentils in spring ____________________________ Horse Collar Trade Increases in Towns (“A Trade Fair” pg 410) Fairs become center of trade ________________________________ Unions based on trade or craft _________ evolve banking and finance

Life in a Medieval Town Trade increases growth of towns ___________________________________________ Serfs run away Towns poorly organized _________________________________________________ _____________ ________________________________________________ Burghers (town dwellers) gain power Lords originally ruled towns _________________________________________________ _______________________________________.

Development of the University Trade with Muslims brings ______________________________ Muslims had preserved writings of Aristotle, Plato, Socrates ____________________ begin to develop in Europe Centered around large towns Most students were of middle classes ____________________ writers spur learning ____________

Development of English Government Henry II increases lands in France and England _______________________________ Henry creates Royal Courts of Justice Develops jury trials Common Law Henry is succeeded by __________________________________ John is a poor king Raised taxes to an all time high Loses all land in France to the French ________________________ ( pgs. 389, 396) _____________________________________ Model Parliament King Edward I-1295 Two Houses-House of Lords, House of Commons

Church Problems and Conflicts Weaken Progress Church problems Marriage of Priests Simony - ______________________________________________________ Lay Investiture - ________________________________________________ Kings vs. Popes Scholars vs. Popes John Wycliffe ________________________________________ John Hus ________________________________________ The __________________ _____________________________ Spread by fleas on rats

Development of Gothic Cathedrals Gothic Cathedrals Develop 3 main architectural features __________________ Aesthetic Features Stained Glass Windows Sculptures over the Doors

The Crusades Begins with call for help from Alexius Comnenus to Robert, Count of Flanders Pope Urban II reads letter and calls for crusade to _____________________________________________________________ Ulterior Motives of Crusades ______________________________________ The First and Second Crusades (map, page 404) ______________________ Kill any “un-believers”, including Jews Crusaders are able to recapture ________, but lose it in less than 100 years Established 4 Kingdoms ruled by Crusaders Edessa Antioch Tripoli Jerusalem

Third and Fourth Crusades Third Crusade ( ) Lead by __________________________, Frederick the I (Barbarossa), and Philip Augustus Philip and Richard agree to go together out of fear Barbarossa drowns crossing a river Phillip Augustus goes home after fighting with Richard Richard fights ______ (Muslim leader), but is unable to conquer Jerusalem Slaughter at Acre Agreement in 1102 allows Jerusalem to remain in Muslim control, but Christians pilgrims are allowed safe passage Fourth Crusade Called for by Pope Innocent III Never reached Holy Lands Instead they __________________________, thus splitting the Eastern (Constantinople) and Western Church (Rome); becomes a permanent split Read the Crusade accounts by Raymond d’Aguilers (pgs 405-6)

Other Crusades 9 Crusades in total North Africa Lead by Louis IX ______________________ Most end up being captured and sold into slavery, others stay in “strange lands” ______________________ Spain - ________________________________ Leads to Inquisition in the 1400s Questioned and tortured heretics; eventually dispel all practicing Muslims and Jews from Spain

Causes/Results of the Crusades Causes _____________________ Byzantine emperor calls for help Pope wants to reclaim Palestine and reunite Christendom _____________________ _____________________ _____________________ _____________________ Italian cities desire commercial power Effects _________________________ Power of feudal nobles weakens Kings become stronger __________________________ Muslims distrust Christians Trade grows between Europe and Middle East __________________________

Joan of Arc Read on page 420, starting with “Hundred Years’ War” and ending at “War of Roses” Also read “Faces of History” on pg 421