Historical Background 7 th Century Arabs conquer Palestine 7 th Century Arabs conquer Palestine 1009 Western attitudes turn 1009 Western attitudes turn Muslims attack Byzantine Empire Muslims attack Byzantine Empire

Development of “Crusade” Faithful of St. Peter Faithful of St. Peter Knights of Christ Knights of Christ Righteous campaign Righteous campaign Root out evil Root out evil

First Crusade Pope Urban II called for Crusade in 1095 Pope Urban II called for Crusade in Muslim population was massacred 1099 Muslim population was massacred The creation of the Crusader States The creation of the Crusader States

Second Crusade foolish attack on Damascus that endangered Crusader States 1147 foolish attack on Damascus that endangered Crusader States

Third Crusade Henry II of England, Richard I of England, Philip II of France, and Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor Henry II of England, Richard I of England, Philip II of France, and Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor Richard I (The Lion Heart)

Fourth Crusade Directed by Papacy Directed by Papacy Formed to conquer Formed to conquer Egypt Egypt Venetians gained Venetians gainedcontrol

Fifth Crusade Pope Innocent III CALLED Pope Innocent III CALLED Robert of Courcon Robert of Courcon preached message preached message Emperor Frederick II was Emperor Frederick II was prohibited by Pope Honorius prohibited by Pope Honorius

Sixth Crusade 1228 Holy Roman Emperor, Holy Roman Emperor, Frederick II Al-Kamil, Sultan of Egypt Al-Kamil, Sultan of Egypt

Seventh Crusade June 6, 1249 Damietta was taken by Louis IX as a base for his fight for Jerusalem June 6, 1249 Damietta was taken by Louis IX as a base for his fight for Jerusalem This crusade was a complete failure This crusade was a complete failure

Eighth Crusade 1270 King Louis IX of France unsuccessful in attack on Tunis King Louis IX of France unsuccessful in attack on Tunis Died in Carthage of the plague Died in Carthage of the plague

Ninth Crusade 1271 The fall of Antioch, Tripoli, and Acre the final traces of Christian Occupation of Syria Vanished The fall of Antioch, Tripoli, and Acre the final traces of Christian Occupation of Syria Vanished

Effects of the Crusades Failed to regain holy land or protect Constantinople Failed to regain holy land or protect Constantinople Worsened Jews social position Worsened Jews social position Muslims lost control of Spain Muslims lost control of Spain Muslims learn new military techniques Muslims learn new military techniques Brought Islamic science, medicine, and architecture to Europe Brought Islamic science, medicine, and architecture to Europe

References Asher, S. The effects of the crusades. Retrieved February 27, 2005, from -pg1.htm Asher, S. The effects of the crusades. Retrieved February 27, 2005, from -pg1.htm Discussion: Crusade. Retrieved February 15, 2005, from ar_reputation. Discussion: Crusade. Retrieved February 15, 2005, from ar_reputation. Farlex (2005). Eighth crusade. Retrieved February 25, 2005, from Farlex (2005). Eighth crusade. Retrieved February 25, 2005, from