GROWTH OF NATION STATES

I. GROWING FOOD SUPPLY A. USING HORSEPOWER 1. IMPROVEMENT – USE OF THE COLLAR HARNESS 2. EFFECT a. COULD PLOW TWICE AS MUCH LAND b. INCREASED FOOD SUPPLY

B. THREE FIELD SYSTEM 1. IMPROVEMENT a. DIVIDED LAND INTO 1/3’S b. MORE LAND UNDER CULTIVATION

2. EFFECT a. INCREASED FOOD b. INCREASED POPULATION c. BETTER HEALTH d. DEFORESTATION OF EUROPE

II. TRADE AND FINANCE EXPAND A. ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF THE CRUSADES 1. INCREASED DEMANDS FOR MIDDLE EASTERN GOODS

...CRUSADES 2. INCREASED PRODUCTION OF EUROPEAN GOODS FOR TRADE 3. ENCOURAGED USE OF CREDIT AND BANKING

B. FAIRS AND TRADE 1. WHO AND WHERE – PEASANTS TRAVELED TO TOWNS 2. WHAT – BACON, SALT, HONEY, CHEESE, CLOTH

...FAIRS & TRADE 3. EFFECT – PRODUCTION IS NO LONGER ON THE MANOR

C. FINANCIAL REVOLUTION 1. BORROWING MONEY a. MERCHANTS NEEDED MONEY TO PURCHASE GOODS

...FINANCES b. USURY – LENDING MONEY AT INTEREST – SIN ACCORDING TO THE CHURCH c. MERCHANTS TURNED TO JEWISH MONEY LENDERS

2. EFFECTS a. CHURCH OPPOSITION TO USURY HELPED SECULARIZE EUROPE b. LETTERS OF CREDIT EXPANDED TRADE & MONEY SUPPLY

...EFFECTS c. USE OF ARABIC NUMBERS INTRODUCED WITH NEW BOOKKEEPING PRACTICES (“0” FROM INDIA)

C. TRADE & TOWN GROWTH 1. INTRODUCTION a. POPULATION – FROM MILLION b. TOWN SIZE –

2. EFFECTS OF TOWN GROWTH ON FEUDALISM a. TOWNS ATTRACTED PEASANTS FROM THE MANOR b. SERFS LEFT MANORS TO LIVE IN TOWNS

3. MEDIEVAL TOWN DEVELOPMENT & LIFE a. NARROW STREETS b. WASTE DUMPED INTO STREETS c. PEOPLE DID NOT BATH d. HOUSES – WOOD WITH THATCH ROOFS, CONSTANT FIRE HAZARD

D. TOWN & SOCIAL ORDER 1. TOWNS AND MEDIEVAL FEUDALISM a. TOWNS WERE UNDER FEUDAL CONTROL

b. BURGHERS DEMANDS 1.) FREEDOM FROM TOLLS 2.) RIGHT TO GOVERN THEMSELVES

III. REVIVAL OF LEARNING A. UNIVERSITIES 1. GROUPS OF SCHOLARS WHO MET WHEREVER THEY COULD

...UNIVERSITIES b. SONS OF WELL TO DO TOWNS PEOPLE c. STUDY FOR 5-7 YEARS FOR BACHELORS

B. VERNACULAR 1. EVERYDAY LANGUAGE OF HOMELAND 2. EFFECT – BROUGHT LITERATURE TO MANY PEOPLE 3. SHIFT IN LANGUAGE FROM LATIN TO VERNACULAR

C. MUSLIM CONNECTION 1. REVIVAL EFFECTS (CRUSADES) a. RENEWED INTEREST IN ANCIENT SCHOLARS b. INCREASED TRADE FROM CRUSADES LED TO STUDY IN MUSLIM WORLD

...REVIVAL c. EUROPEANS ACQUIRED NEW KNOWLEDGE d. NEW TECHNOLOGY FROM MUSLIMS – SHIPS, NAVIGATION, WEAPONS

D. AQUINAS & MEDIEVAL PHILOSOPHY 1. THOMAS AQUINAS a. WROTE “SUMMA THEOLOGICA” b. ARGUED THAT RELIGIOUS TRUTH COULD BE PROVEN BY LOGICAL REASONING

2. EFFECT a. SCHOLASTICS – SCHOOLMEN VERSED IN THE CLASSICS b. TEACHINGS INFLUENCED DEVELOPMENT OF EUROPEAN GOVERNMENT

...EFFECTS c. DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTIONS & TRADITIONS BEGAN TO DEVELOP

IV. ENGLAND ABSORBS INVADERS A. EARLY INVASIONS 1. INVADERS a. VIKINGS b. ANGLES c. SAXONS

...INVADERS 2. KING CANUTE – UNIFIED ENGLISH PEOPLE INTO ANGLO-SAXONS

B. NORMAN CONQUEST 1. WILLIAM THE CONQUEROR a. NORMANDY – REGION OF NORTHERN FRANCE

...WILLIAM b. DESCENDED FROM VIKINGS ADOPTED FRENCH CULTURE c. CLAIMED ENGLISH CROWN AND INVADED ENGLAND

2. HAROLD GODWINSON a. ANGLO/SAXON WHO CLAIMED THE ENGLISH CROWN

3. BATTLE OF HASTINGS a. HAROLD GODWINSON KILLED IN BATTLE b. WILLIAM CLAIMED ALL OF ENGLAND

4. EFFECT a. WILLIAM UNIFIED ENGLAND b. LAID FOUNDATION FOR CENTRALIZED GOVERNMENT

V. ENGLAND’S EVOLVING GOVERNMENT A. INTRODUCTION 1. GOALS OF WILLIAMS DESCENDENTS a. HOLD & ADD FRENCH LANDS b. STRENGTHEN POWER OVER NOBLES & CHURCH

B. MONARCHS, NOBLES, & COMMON LAW 1. ELEANOR OF AQUITAINE a. HUSBANDS 1.) LOUIS VII – FRANCE 2.) HENRY II - ENGLAND

b. SONS 1.) RICHARD THE LIONHEARTED 2.) JOHN

2. EFFECTS OF MARRIAGE TO HENRY II a. ADDED TERRITORY IN FRANCE b. MADE HIM A VASSAL TO THE FRENCH KING

3. HENRY RULES ENGLAND - ACCOMPLISHMENTS a. STRENGTHENED ROYAL COURTS b. INTRODUCED USE OF JURY c. ESTABLISHED COMMON LAW – BASED ON JUDICIAL OPINION

C. MAGNA CARTA 1. JOHN’S RULE a. FAILED AS A MILITARY LEADER b. LOST FRENCH LANDS

2. NOBLES REVOLT a. CAUSES 1.) CRUEL TO SUBJECTS 2.) TAXED NOBILITY HEAVILY TO SUPPORT WARS IN FRANCE

b. MAGNA CARTA 1.) RIGHTS GUARANTEED a.) NO TAXATION WITHOUT REPRESENTATION b. RIGHT TO TRIAL BY JURY

c. EFFECTS a. FOUNDATION FOR BASIC LEGAL RIGHTS IN ENGLAND AND UNITED STATES

D. MODEL PARLIAMENT 1. CAUSES a. NEEDED TO RAISE TAXES FOR FRENCH WARS

2. PARLIAMENT – LEGISLATIVE GROUP a.) TWO BURGESSES FROM EACH COUNTY b. TWO KNIGHTS FROM EACH COUNTY

...PARLIAMENT 3. HOUSE OF COMMONS a. KNIGHTS & BURGESSES 4. HOUSE OF LORDS a. NOBLES & BISHOPS

...PARLIAMENT 5. EFFECT a.) WEAKENED GREATER LORDS b.) PROVIDED CHECK ON ROYAL POWER

VI. CAPETIAN DYNASTY RULES FRANCE A. INTRODUCTION 1. FRANCE AFTER CHARLEMAGNE a. DIVIDED INTO 30 FEUDAL TERRITORIES b. CAROLINGIAN DYNASTY ENDED WITH LOUIS THE SLUGGARD

2. HUGH CAPET a. SMALL KINGDOM THAT INCLUDED PARIS b. BEGAN CAPETIAN DYNASTY WHICH GAINED CONTROL OVER FRANCE

B. FRANCE BECOMES A SEPARATE KINGDOM 1. IMPORTANCE OF CAPETIAN LOCATION a. CONTROLLED EUROPEAN TRADE ROUTES b. CONTROL OF FRANCE SPREAD FROM PARIS

C. PHILLIP II EXPANDS HIS POWER 1. PHILLIP’S GOALS a. WEAKEN THE POWERS OF THE ENGLISH KINGS IN FRANCE

2. FAILURES & SUCCESSES a. LITTLE SUCCESS AGAINST HENRY II OR RICHARD THE LIONHEARTED b. GREATLY INCREASED TERRITORY AGAINST JOHN

...SUCCESSES c. TRIPLED LAND HELD d. BECAME MORE POWERFUL THAN VASSALS

3. CENTRALIZING GOVERNMENT a. ESTABLISHED COURTS CALLED BAILIFFS b. PRESIDED OVER COURTS AND COLLECTED TAXES

D. PHILLIP’S HEIRS 1. LOUIS IX a. KNOWN AS IDEAL KING

...HEIRS b. CREATED FRENCH APPEALS COURTS 1.) COULD OVERTURN LOCAL COURT DECISIONS 2.) STRENGTHENED MONARCHY & WEAKENED FEUDALISM

2. PHILLIP IV a. USED SUPPORT OF LORDS AND BISHOPS AGAINST POPE b. INCLUDED COMMONERS IN MEETINGS

c. ESTATES GENERAL 1.) 1 ST ESTATE – CHURCH LEADERS 2.) 2 ND ESTATE – GREATER LORDS 3 RD ESTATE - COMMONERS

VII. SPAIN A. FERDINAND AND ISABELLA 1. UNIFIED SPAIN THROUGH MARRIAGE AND WAR

...FERDINAND & ISABELLA 2. EXPELLED THE MOORS FROM SPAIN 3. BEGAN EXPANSION OF SPANISH EMPIRE IN AMERICAS 4. EXPANSION CONTINUED UNDER PHILLIP II

NATION STATES l 1. SPAIN l 2. FRANCE l 3. GERMANY l 4. ENGLAND