Chapter 22 Europe: The End of the Middle Ages

The Rise of the Secular State The impact of economic change Popes & Mendicant Orders check heresy Spiritual problem of prosperity Loss of respect for Church Taxes Fees

The French Monarchy Louis IX – St. Louis ( ) Parliament of Paris Heard appeals of local administrative agents and from courts of feudal lords Established legal basis for royal claims to supremacy over all subjects Crusades 1248 & 1270 Canonized Crusades Political value

St. Louis

The English Monarchy Henry III ( ) 1225 reconfirms Magna Carta 1240 out of favor with English Barons over policy 1258 Heavily in debt – asks barons to reform government Simon de Montfort gains control – defeated by Edward 1265

Lateran Council of 1215 Trial by Ordeal

Edward I and Parliament Edward I ( ): 2 objectives Restore royal authority Become supreme ruler of the British Isles Edward makes greater use of Parliament Get advice on policy, Settle difficult legal cases, Make statutes, and obtain grants of taxes “Model Parliament” Representatives of all counties and towns

France Under Philip the Fair ( ) French barons struggle to preserve local rights Bureaucrats grow enormously during reign Spent large part of reign warring with great vassals (King of England & Count of Flanders) Difficulty in raising taxes Explains military weakness Estates General never becomes as powerful as English Parliament

Ideas that Distinguish the Modern Sovereign State The welfare of the state was the greatest good The defense of the realm was the greatest necessity Opposition to duly constituted authority was the greatest evil

The Struggle with the Church Boniface VIII ( ) Question of loyalties of clergy – to church or state? Popes of Avignon ( ) Known as the Babylonian Captivity

The Great Schism Pope Gregory XI Returns to Rome (1377) Pope Urban VI ( ) Pope Clement VII ( ) Council of Constance 1417

Bubonic Plague The Little Ice Age, c CE Decline of agricultural output leads to widespread famine Bubonic Plague spreads from south-west China Carried by fleas on rodents Mongol campaigns spread disease to Chinese Interior

Spread of Plague Mongols, merchants, travelers spread disease west 1346 Black Sea ports 1347 Mediterranean ports 1348 Western Europe

Path of the Plague

Symptoms of the Black Plague Inflamed and discolored lymph nodes in neck, armpits, groin area Buboes, hence Bubonic 60-70% mortality rate, within days of onset of symptoms Extreme northern climates less affected Winter hard on flea population India, sub-Saharan areas unaffected Reasons unknown

Population Decline (millions)

Social and Economic Effects Massive labor shortage Demand for higher wages Population movements Governments attempt to freeze wages, stop serf movements Riots result

England in the Later Middle Ages Edward II ( ) Loved courtly magnificence and chivalric warfare The Hundred Years’ War: The first phase Edward & his son The Black Prince (also named Edward) capture French King French pay ransom for king and cede 2/5’s of their country French have no intention of keeping treaty, launch war of attrition that exhausts England’s resources

Rebellion & Revolution Richard ( ) Barons rule inefficiently Peasant rebellion 1381 Richard tries to increase royal power 1386, fails to secure army Duke of Lancaster takes thrown as Henry IV ( )

The Hundred Years’ War: The Second Phase Henry V ( ) Forces Charles VI to accept treaty Henry VI – infant king Charles VII – Claims French thrown

Joan of Arc

The Defeat of England Charles VII ( ) Joan of Arc “To make war on the Holy Kingdom of France was to make war on the Lord Jesus.”