Chapter 14

 The Age of Faith  Problems in the Church Many village priests married and had families Simony – selling of positions in the church Kings appointed church bishops  Reform and Church Organization The Curia  New Religious Orders Dominic – Dominicans – scholars Saint Francis of Assisi – Franciscans – treated all creatures like brothers

 Cathedrals – Cities of God Romanesque – style featuring round arches and a heavy roof held up by thick walls and pillars  A New Style of Church Architecture Gothic – relating to a style of church architecture that developed in medieval Europe, featuring ribbed vaults, stained glass windows, flying buttresses, pointed arches and tall spires Notre Dame

 The Crusades Pope Urban II called for a “holy war” to gain control of the Holy Land  Goals of the Crusades Re-conquer the Holy Land Reunite Christendom Create peace among knights Land and position in society  The First and Second Crusades Crusaders captured Edessa and Jerusalem  The Third Crusade Philip II of France, Federick I of Germany, and Richard the Lion Hearted of England Saladin – Kurdish warrior and Muslim leader Truce agreed to in 1192

 The Crusading Spirit Dwindles Personal gains outweigh religious spirits  The Children’s Crusade Stephen of Cloyes Nicholas of Cologne  A Spanish Crusade Reconquista – long effort by the Spanish to drive the Muslims out of Spain Inquisition – a Roman Catholic tribunal for investigating and prosecuting charges of heresy

 The Effects of the Crusades  Exemplifies the power of the church during the medieval times  Expanded trade with Southwest Asia  Failure led to increased power of kings and lessened the power of the pope  Intolerance and prejudice led to hatred and bitterness

 A Growing Food Supply  Switch to Horsepower  The Three-Field System A system of farming in which farmland was divided into three fields of equal size and each of these was successively planted with a winter crop, spring crop, then left unplanted

 The Guilds A medieval association of people working at the same occupation, which controlled its members’ wages

 Commercial Revolution The expansion of trade and business that transformed European economies during the 16 th and 17 th centuries  Fairs and Trade  Business and Banking  Society Changes

 Urban Life Flourishes  Trade and Towns Grow Together  Merchant Class Shifts the Social Order Burghers – merchant-class town dwellers

 The Revival of Learning  The Muslim Connection  Scholars and the University Vernacular- everyday language of a people’s homeland  Aquinas and Medieval Philosophy Thomas Aquinas Scholastics – scholars who gathered ant taught at medieval European universities

 England Absorbs Waves of Invaders  Early Invasions  The Norman Conquest William the Conqueror Battle of Hastings Normans defeated the Anglo-Saxons

 England’s Evolving Government Henry II – vassal to the French king and King of England  Juries and Common Law Common law – a unified body of law formed from rulings of England’s royal judges that serves as the basis for law in many English-speaking countries today  The Magna Carta King John Softsword Great Charter – a document guaranteeing basic political rights in England, drawn up by nobles and approved by King John in 1215  The Model Parliament Parliament – legislative group

 Capetian Dynasty Rules France Hugh Capet  France Becomes a Separate Kingdom  Philip II Expands His Power  Philip II’s Heirs  Estates-General An assembly of representatives from all three of the estates in France  Beginnings of Democracy

 A Church Divided  Pope and King Collide Philip IV of France vs. Pope Boniface VIII  Avignon and the Great Schism Clement V Avignon – city in which the French pope moved to capital of the church Urban VI and Clement VII Great Schism – division of the church between Italian and French popes  Scholars Challenge Church Authority John Wycliffe – challenged that Jesus, not the pope was the head of the church Jan Hus – taught that the authority of the Bible was higher than that of the pope

 The Bubonic Plague Strikes Bubonic plague – deadly disease that spread throughout Europe  Origins and Impact of the Plague  Effects of the Plague Town populations fell Trade declined Peasant revolts Jews were falsely blamed Churches suffered when prayers failed to stop the plague

 The Hundred Years’ War  The Longbow Changes Warfare Battle of Cercy Battle of Poiters Battle of Agincourt  Joan of Arc Teenage peasant French girl Heard voices and had visions that urged her to drive the English from France  The Impact of the Hundred Years’ War Nationalism