 Simple summary- A series of “holy” wars where European Christians attempted to remove the Muslim Empire from the “Holy Land”

 Most of the Crusades were a complete failure  Lessened power of the Pope  Created religious tensions  Grew trade and education

 “Children’s Crusade”  Spanish Crusade- “Reconquista”  Spanish Inquisition  1492

 Simple summary- Trade increased and new ways of doing business became popular in Europe

 Guilds  Towns/Cities increased in population  Feudalism Declines  Merchants and kings gain power  Helped education

 Simple summary: Throughout the late Middle Ages, the English developed jury trials, common law, the Magna Carta, and Parliament.

 Modern Government (USA)  England gains power

 France- Estates General  First Estate= Church  Second Estate= Nobles  Third Estate= Everyone Else

 Simple summary: A split within the Catholic Church between Italians and the French as a result of the move of the center of the church’s power to Avignon. This resulted in a crisis where there were two Popes at once.

 People lose confidence in Catholic Church  Kings gain power

 Simple summary: A horrible disease that was brought to Europe via fleas living on rats on trade ships. Killed 1/3 Europe’s population.

 Lessened confidence in Church  Hurt feudalism even more  Jewish massacres  “Eat, drink, and be merry, for tomorrow we may die”

 Simple summary: A war between England and France for control of France. France maintains independence.

 Knights become useless (Longbow)  Nationalism in France/England  Kings gain power  Middle Ages end!